LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



®|aitDSjSnpi|ri# f 0. 

■ShelfS-Q-S) 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 




AIDS TO HISTORY. 



PUPILS' COMPANION BOOK 



s'VT'iijNrToisr's outliist-eis. 



I .. 



'^^ ANNA Fr RUDD, 

Teacher of History in St. Mary's School, Knoxville, 111. 




CHICAGO : 

THE LIVING CHURCH, 

162 WashiiifTton St. 






THE LIBRARY 
OF CONGRESS 

WASHINGTON 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1886, by 

ANNA F. EUDD, 
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



PREFACE 



HE following papers are the outgrowth of many years of class- 
work, during several of which Swinton's Outlines was used as 
a text book. To save time in assigning and explaining each 
lesson in advance, the teacher began putting on the bulletin 
board each day a paper indicating which paragraphs were to be 
learned, which to be read, &c. She also wrote notes on the margin 
of her class-book, which the pupils were required to copy in their 
own books. These papers combine questions, directions, and notes, 
somewhat expanded; they will save the pupils the work of copying, 
and be useful for future reference, and aid in teaching. 

Having found this plan to work so well in her own classes, and 
in those of her pupils who have become teachers and used this 
method, she has thought that other teachers might find it helpful. 
Inexperienced teachers, especially, find it difficult to decide and to 
indicate what is important for pupils to learn and what is not. Some 
teachers require their pupils to learn every paragraph and date, con- 
sequently in a few months nearly everything is foi'gotten. The plan 
here set forth requires only a few leading dates, associating with 
them as many names and events as possible. Nearly all important 
characters and events of history may be grouped around a few 
prominent dates. 

It is hoped that this Companion Book will be found helpful to 
those who wish to study history without the advantage of class 
instruction. They will have, in these papers, the help of a teacher 
of many years' experience. From the suggestions given here they 
will learn what books to read, and how to read them, in connection 
with a text book. 

The course outlined in these papers will occupy a year, allowing 
three or four lessons a week. Of course, with the limited time, many 
things must be omitted which might be dwelt upon with delight and 
profit. The earnest student, however, will not be content with this 
brief course, but will go on to a more extensive course of reading for 
which this has been only a preparation. 

A. F. R. 

St. Mary's School, May, 1886. 



/, - 



SUE&ESTIDNS FDR USE 



Leabn no date, even in verses that you learn, unless espe- 
cially called for in your questions. 

There are three volumes of Landmarks of History by Miss 
Yonge— Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern. If a reference is made 
simply to L. M., it means the volume relating to the same divi- 
sion of history as the paper in which the reference occurs ; if a 
different division is meant, it is indicated, e. g., "L. M. Anc." 
"L. M. Mod." &c. 

"When the mark -|- is after a reference number, it means that 
the pupil is to read as far as the subject in hand extends. 

Ppr. , followed by a number, refers to the daily lesson paper 
of that number, i. e., "N. 3, ppr. 4, Anc." means Note 3 in paper 
4 of Ancient History. 

When either Smith, Liddell or Hume is referred to, it means 
the "Student's Edition." 

The mythology referred to, is "White's Student's Mythol- 
ogy-" 

In the lesson papers, the part of history relating to all the 
Ancient Oriental Monarchies before Greece and Eome, is desig- 
nated simply as "Ancient History." 

ABBREVIATIONS USED. 



Anc Ancient 

Biog Biographical 

Chap Chapter 

Cent Century 

Diet Dictionary 

Hist History 

L. M Landmarks of History 

Lid . . Liddell's History of Kome 
Med Medieeval 



Mod Modern 

M. .Myers' Outlines of History 

Myth Mythology 

n note 

p page 

ppr paper 

S . . . Smith's History of Greece 

V verse 

W. Wilson's Outlines of History 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 



BOOKS REFERRED TO. 



Smith's History of Greece. 
Liddell's History of Kome. 
Myers' Outlines of History. 
Wilson's Outlines of History. 
Hume's History of England. 



Anderson's History of England 
White's Student's Mythology. 
Landmarks of History — An- 
cient, Medieval and Modern 
_bv Charlotte Yonge. 



EXCELLENT BOOKS FOR SIDE READING. 



Golden Deeds, Yonge. 
Book of Worthies, Yonge. 
Leaflets from Motley. 
Seekers after God, Farrar. 
Loves of the Poets, Jameson. 
Queens of Society, Wharton. 
Plutarch, for Boys and Girls. 



Celebrated Female Sovereigns, 

Jameson. 
Alhambra, Irving. 
Essav on Frederick the Great, 

Macauley. 
Household of Sir Thos. Moore, 

Manning. 
Cameos of History, Yonge. 



GOOD 

Westward Ho [ ^^^as. 
Hypatia, ' 

Last Days of Pompeii 
Eienzi, 

Last of the Barons, 
Harold, J 

The TaUsman, ] 

Monastery, i 

Ivanhoe, ' 

Fair Maid of Perth, | 
Kenil worth, 
Chaplet of Pearls, 
Stray Pearls, 
Little Duke, 
Prince and Page, 
Lances of Linwood, 
Caged Lion, [Nest, 
Dove in the Eagle's 
"Unknown to History, 
Armourer's Apprenti- 
Pigeon Pie. [ces 



HISTORICAL NOVELS. 

Kingsley 



V Bulwer 



Scott. 



1 

\ Yonge . 



Times of Gustaf ) 

Adolf, V Topelms. 
Times of Chas. XII. ) 
Scottish Chiefs, j. porter. 

Thaddeus of Warsaw, ) 
Days of Bruce, [ Aguilar. 

Vale of Cedars, ' 

Zenobia, Wm. Ware. 

Bomola, George Elliott. 

Andred's Weald, j. ^-aik. 

Edwy the Fair, ' 

Tale' of Two Cities, Dickens. 
Conscript of 1813, 

Erkmann-Chatrian. 

Carved Cartoon, Austin Ware. 
St. George and St. Michael, 

McDonald. 
Burgomaster's Wife, ^ 
Uarda, , ^^^^,^_ 

An Egyptian Prmcess, '| 
The Emperor, J 



ANCIENT HISTORY. 



DAILY LESSON PAPERS. 

I. 

Bead pages 1 to 14. What three Sciences have greatly 
aided our knowledge of history? Define each. v. 3. 
What is the meaning of philologist, of linguist ? Which 
is the real historical race? v. 5. Its three chief divisions? 
V. 6. Which of these has led in the world's progress? 
Learn verses 7, 8, and 14. To which branch do the 
Hebrews or Jews belong? v. 9. What is said of the 
Semites in regard to religion? v. 11. Our relation to the 
Greeks and Eomans? v. 12. Divisions of the Caucasian 
race? of the Aryan, and Semitic branches? p. 6, iii. 
Chronological periods? p. 7, v. Meaning of Arable? 
of Nomads? What three great Monarchies ruled in the 
valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, before Persia became 
a great Empire ? p. 9, v. 8. Where are the Tigris, Euph- 
rates, and Indus rivers? Read Myers p. 9. Learn p. 12, 
V. 15 and 16. 

II. 

Read pp. 12 to 27. Learn v. 20, 21, 31, 34, 35 and 36. 
Give Bible authority showing the fertihty of Egypt ? Gen. 
xl:46, and xlii. Meaning of cereals? Derivation of the 
word ? One great cause of prosperity of Egypt ? v. 18. 
Who was Herodotus? v. 19. Time of building the Pyra- 
mids? V. 25. What three nations invaded and conquered 



AIDS TO HISTORY. ' 

Ecrypt? V. 29. What was the Government of Egypt? v. 30. 
What class formed the "power behind the throne?" v. 30. 
Who founded Alexandria? v. 29. To what dynasty did 
Cleopatra belong? v. 29. Her fate? Read p. 176, v. 135 
to 139 Name two most famous cities of Egypt? v. 37. 
Their situation? Map p. 13. Near which are the Pyra- 
mids and Sphinx? v. 37. What is the Sphinx?^ Thebes 
and its ruins? v. 37. Learn 38, 39, 40, and 42. 

T-An enormous statue (carved ^'\^P^'^^ ^ ""^ ^ ^^^^^.^^^^ 
head and shoulders of a woman, wmged body of a hon, 12o teet 
long. Myth. , page 106. 

III. 
■ Read V. 43 to 49. Two chief gods of the Egyptians? 
V. 43. Learn v. 44, 45, and 48 and^ . In what sciences were 
the Egyptians skilled ? v. 47. What nation surpassed them 
in Astronomy? v. 47 and 57. Read pp. 27 to 38. Anti- 
quity of Chaldean history? v. 49. In what place and near 
what river, occurred the confusion of tongues? v. 50 and 
map p. 8. Where was Chaldea? v. 52. Learn v. 53- 
4-7-8. Why is Ur of interest to us? v. 60. What 
nation became, after the Chaldean, the great power in 
Western Asia? v. 61, 65. Countries included m this 
Empire'^ v. 65. (Point them out on the map.) Architect- 
are and sculpture? v. 69. Learn v. 70 and \ Name the 
most famous characters in Assyrian history ?3 

MDambyses, who conquered Egypt 6th Century, B.C. placed 
before his ranks animals held sacred by the Egyptians, who thus 
dared not strike a blow. _ 

^ Saracus, when his city was taken, shut himself in his palace 
with his wives, favorites and treasures, then set fire to it, and all 
were burned in one vast funeral pile. 

« Tiglath-Pileser I. (Royal records of his reign have been 
found in a clay cylinder. M. p. 5(^7. Sardanapahis^m Sa^^ 
racus, Sargon, Sennacherib (the greatest of a/l) and &em la^^^^^^ 
of whom extravagant stories (now known ^J^ f^ J^ ^^^ Yssvrian 
told. Hers is the only name of a queen mentioned m Assyrian 
history. M. pp. 51 to 74. 



/ / 



8 AIDS TO HISTOKY. 

IV. 
Eead pp. 35 to 43. What king took Jerusalem when 
Daniel was made captive? v. 73. (Read Daniel i.) His 
boast? V. 73. His punishment? Daniel iv, 28 to 35. 
Learn v. 74 — 9. What nation under what leader, took 
Babylon 6th century, B. C, v. 76—7. How? v. 76 and 
L. M., p. 23. When was Babylon taken by Alexander 
the Great, and from whom? v. 77 and^ . Meaning of textile? 
To what race belong the Hebrews? v. 81. Their father? 
V. 81. Where born? v. 60. To where removed? v. 81. 
What is said of the Semitic race? p. 4, v. 11. What is a 
Theocracy? v. 83. What nation, and at what time, had 
this form of government? v. 83. Learn first four map 
questions p. 39. What composed the Kingdom of Israel, 
and vihat became of it? v. 86-7 and'-. By whom were the 
inhabitants of Judah taken captive? v. 87 and 73. How 
long did their captivity last? v. 87. What was it called?^ 
Read Psalm cxxxvii. By w^iom rl^tored to Jerusalem? 
V. 87. Who was Cyrus? p. 57, v. 126 to 129. 



^ Place everything connected with Alexander about 330 B. C. 

2 It is thought that the captives were scattered among the 
Median Cities; they are spoken of as "the lost tribes." 

^ The 70 years captivity. In the 14th Century the Popes were 
compelled to live at Avignon in France (instead of in Eome), for 
about 70 vears. This is called '"the seventy vears Papal Captiv- 
ity." 

V. 

Read p. 40, v. 88 to 100. When did Palestine come 
under the sway of Alexander the Great? Ans. — About 330 
B. C. By whom ruled for 100 years after him? v. 88. 
Who was Euclid ?i Alexandrian Library ?2 What of 

^ Euclid, the most celebrated of ancient geometers, flourished 
in Alexandria, time of Ptolemy I. Ptolemy having asked him if 
geometry could not be made easier, he answered, "There is no 
royal road to geometry." His school v»^as the most famous in the 



AIDS TO HISTORY. » 

the Greek language? v. 88. The Septiiagiut? v. 88 and 
Diet. To what three empires was Palestine successively 
subject, after the return from captivity? v. 87-8 and^. What 
Roman emperor took Jerusalem and destroyed temple and 
city? V. -88. (Read L. M., pp. 170-1-2.) How commem- 
orated? * Learn 90-3-4. Where was Phoenicia? v. 91 and 
map. Earliest commercial and colonizing people on the 
Mediterranean Sea? v. 92. Point out, on map, places men- 
tioned in V. 93-4. Who was Hannibal? v. 93 and^. Through 
what nations has the alphabet come down to us? v. 96-7. 
What king was a friend of David and Solomon? v. 98. 
Read 1st Kings V. to v. 13. Two chief cities of I^ioenicia? 
V. 99-100. 



world for mathematics, and for 2,000 years no improvement was 
made upon his labors. 

2 Founded by Ptolemy 1. It contained 400,000 volumes of 
records, poems, "histories," etc. Was burned when Julius Csesar 
took the city; was revived, and contained 700,000 volumes, then 
burned, some say by Mahometrms in seventh century. (See pa- 
per 3, Med. Hist.") 

^ Persians, sixth century, B. C: Alexander the Great, fourth; 
Eomans, first. 

* In the reign of Emperor Vespasian, a triumphal arch, the 
"Arch of Titus," was erected in Rome, to commemorate the vic- 
tory of Titus. On it is sculptured the seven-branched golden 
candlestick (carried by a captive Jew) , taken from the temple. 
(L. M,p. 172.) 

5 Famous Carthagenian General; lived about 100 years after 
Alexander. 

VI. 

Read pp, 47 to 60. What can you say of Tyrian 
purple? V. 100. Learn 101, 102, 112, 113,115. Who 
were the Brahmins? v. 110. The Pariahs? v. 110. Budd- 
hism? v. 118. To what branch and race did the Medes 
and Persians belong? v. 121; also p. 2, v. 6, 7, 8. What 
monarch began the glory of Persia? v. 124-6-7. The over- 
throw of what monarch added most of Asia Minor to the 



10 . AIDS TO HISTORY. 

Persian empire? v. 126, and p. 63, note. Where is Lyclia? 
Its most famous monarch? How did Cyrus take Babylon? 
p. 36, V. 76. Learn 127-8-131-3. Point out rivers, etc., 
of V. 127. What did Cambyses add to the Persian Empire? 
V. 129. His character? v. 129. How did Darius become 
king? 1 How did Darius divide the empire? v. 132. What 
was a Satrap? v. 132. 

^ Seven nobles agreed to meet at a certain place, and the one 
whose horse neighed first was to be king. Darius was the fortu- 
nate one. 

VII. 

Read*^Dp. 59 to 69. Learn v. 138-148. Derivation of the 
word magic? v. 138. In what book, by whom, is given an 
excellent idea of the fire-worshipers?^ Oldest literary work 
of the Iranic race? v. 140. Why called the Iranic race? 
p. 55, V. 121. Who was Zoroaster? v. 140. Learn last di- 
vision of note, p. 63. The three greatest commercial na- 
tions of antiquity? v. 141. Situation of each (as favora- 
ble to commerce) ? Where are Palmyra and Damascus ? 
map, p. 8. Ancient name of Palmyra? ^ The four great 
empires before the Christian era? ^ What nations men- 
tioned in pp. 69-70 were absorbed in the last three of these 
empires? p. 19, v. 29; p. 41, v. 88, and p. 48, v. 101. 
About when? ■* 



^ Lalla Rookh, by Tom Moore, an Irish poet. 
- Tadmor in the desert. 

^ Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, under Alexander the Great, 
and Roman. 

•* Bv the Persians, sixth century B. C; Alexander the Great, 
fourth B. C; Ptomans, first B. C 



GRECIAN HISTORY 



I. 

Read p. 73, v. 1 to 13. Learn v. 1 to 5, and 6, 7, 9, 10* 

What State is about the size of all Greece? v. o. Chief 
State of Central Grreece, and its chief city? v. 8. Point 
out on map, opposite p. 72, all divisions, islands, etc., men- 
tioned in V. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Two chief divisions of the Hel- 
lenes? V. 26. Who were the Pelasgi? v. 11. AVhat and 
where are the Cyclades and Sporades? v. 10 and map. 

II. 

Read v. 13 to 30. What is the "Heroic Age? v. 13. 
Learn 11, 15, 21-6-7-9. Name chief characters connec- 
ted with Siege of Troy on each side, v. 14, 15. Read note 
p. 80; also W., p. 34-5-6, or M., p. 132-3, or L. M., 
p. 30-1-2. What was the Palladium? Myth., p. 46. 
What are the Iliad and Odyssey? v. 14, 16, and Diet. 
Learn notes 1, 2 and 3. From whom did the Greeks receive 



' An Olympiad was a Grecian epoch of 4 years, being the in- 
terval between the celebration of the Olympic Games. 

2 The Olympic Games were celebrated at Olympia in Elis, 
(see map, opp. p. 72) in the Peloponnesus, where was a magnifi- 
cent temple dedicated to Olympian Jove, and containing a colos- 
sal statue of the God, 60 feet high, made of ivory and gold: the 
masterpiece of Phidias, (read p. 127.) 

^ Achilles, when a baby w^as dipped in the river Styx, to ren- 
der him invulnerable; the heel he was held by did not get wet, 
and there he was wounded. 



12 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

the alphabet, and from whom some knowledge of arts 
and sciences? v. 17. The three periods of Grecian History 
with dates? v. 19. 

III. 

Eead v. 30 to 48. At the beginning of Grecian His- 
tory, where were the Spartans predominant? v. 31. To 
which race did they belong? v. 31 and 26. Learn 32-4-5- 
6 (and i), 39, 40, (and 2), 42-4-5 (and s), and 46. Origin 
of the word laconicJ v. 36. Who were the Helots? v. 33. 
One peculiarity of the Government of Sparta ?*' From 
whom was Athens named? Myth. p. 46. What was 
the Areopagus, and why so called? v. 41 and 2. Ancient 
name of Athens?^ Its last King? v. 40 When kingly 
rule was abolished, what was the form of Government? '- 



^ The Spartans held it a cdme to use three words where two 
would suffice. 

2 When the Spartans invaded Attica, Codrus having learned 
that an oracle had assured them of success if they spared the 
Athenian King, disguised himself, and provoking a Spartan sol- 
dier, was killed. The grateful Athenians declared that no one 
could be found worthy to succeed the divine Codrus, 

^ The Areopagus received its name from its place of meeting 
on the hill of Ares or "Mars Hill" (opposite the Acropolis.) It 
was this Council that condemned Socrates to death (See v. 139, 
p. 124) and that 600 years afterwards, listened to St. Paul's 
famous defence of Christianity. Bead Acts xvii:16-24:. 

* Hippias and Hipparchus were the two sons of Pisistratus. 
Hippias fled to the Persian Court, and in revenge for his banish- 
ment, constantly urged Darius to attack the Athenians, thus 
leading to the great wars between Greece and Persia. See v. 133. 

^ Pisistratus was a rich kinsman of Solon. He wounded him- 
self, then rushed into the public square, saying the nobles had 
tried to kill him because he was the friend of the people. They 
gave him a guard of 50 men and he seized the power, and under 
his mild and. wise rule, Athens prospered greatly. 

•^ At its head were two Joint kings. 

^ Cecropia, from its fabled first King, Cecrops. 

^ A republic, at the head of which was an officer called an 
archon. (See v. 41.) 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 13 



IV. 



Eeacl V. 48 to 56. To whom were the Grecian Colonies 
of Asia Minor subject when Cyrus conquered them? v. 48. 
By what three monarchs was the Persian Empire founded, 
extended and consohdated? v. 48; also p. 58, v. 127-9, 131. 
Learn 49, 50, 54 (and 3) 55. Why did Darius send to 
demand earth and water? v. 52 and 2. Fate of heralds sent 
to Athens? "- Plan of the Greeks for commanding the 
army at Marathon? ^ Date and result of battle of Mara- 
thon? V. 54 and K What became of Miltiades afterwards? ^ 

1 He was much honored at first, but soon grossly abused the 
confidence of the Athenians, who spared him only on account of 
his former great service to the State. Eead S., p. 177 to 181, or 
W., p 74, V. 1 to 8, or M., pp. 151, 152. 

2 To learn how much resistance he might expect. The Per- 
sians had inspired such terror by the conquest of Ionia, that 
most of the Grecian cities comphed, but Athens and Sparta (v. 
52) cast the heralds into a well, bidding them get thence the 
earth and water, 

" The victory of Marathon must be measured not alone by 
the great disparity of numbers; the Persians were strong in the 
terror of their name, having hitherto pursued an almost uninter- 
rupted career of conquest . 

* It is one of the "decisive battles of the world." It decided 
the fate of Greece, and the future of Europe?" The prestige of 
the Persian name and arms was broken. Henceforth the free- 
dom of the West, and not the despotism of the East was to 
prevail. 

= There were ten generals, each of whom, in turn, was to 
command the whole army for one day. At Marathon, each gave 
up his turn to Miltiades, "that the whole power might be invested 
in one person, and one so tried and vahant as he. 



14 AIDS TO HISTOEY. 

V. 

Kead v. 56 to 71. Leading men in Athens, between in- 
vasions of Darius and Xerxes? v. 56. Their respective 
characters? 56 and M., pp. 163-4-5. What plan of Themis- 
tocles proved the salvation of Greece? Bywhom opposed? 
Kesult of the opposition? 56 and i. Learn Note, p. 94. 
Learn 57 (and 2), 58, 59, (and 3), 60-1-2-3-5. When 
Xerxes was approaching Greece, where did the Greeks take 
their stand? v. 58. To whom (and with what troops) was 
the defense entrusted? v. 58-59. Where is Sardis? v. 49, 
also p. 57, V. 126. Point out on map route of Xerxes 
from Sardis to ThermopylaB? Learn Byron's verse about 
the battle of Salamis. p. 97. What five battles decided 
the fate of Persia and Greece? v. 54-59-63-64 65. 



^ The creation of a navy of 200 ships, which saved the 
Greeks at Salamis, and afterwards. 

^ At Abvdos (see map) a marble throne was erected, on 
which sat Xerxes, viewing his mighty hosts on sea and land. 

^At Thermopylge, the Persians were so terrified by the desper- 
ate valor of the Spartans, that they had to be driven with whips 
to face the handful of heroes. Even the "Ten Thousand Immor- 
tals" (the sacred guard of the "Great King") were hurled back. 
Such was the rage of Xerxes, at seeing them repulsed that he is 
said to have leaped thrice from the throne whence he was watch- 
ing the attack. 



AIDS TO HISTOEY. 15 

VI. 

Read v. 66 to 86. Learn v. 66 (and i ) and 68 to 73 ; also 
77-9 (and ^), 80-81. Main cause of the ascendency of 
Athens? v. 67. What surrender closed the Peloponnesian 
war ? V. 76. Time, cause, duration and result of this war? 
V. 71-2-7. Alcibiades' connection with it? Of whom was he 
the pupil? V. 74. Learn Note 2. Ruling State of Greece 
from close of Peloponnesian war to rise of Thebes? v. 78. 
"What power crushed the pride of Sparta ? v. 79. Through 
influence of what two men? v. 79, also L. M., pp. 62-3-4; 
or M., p. 176. What battle made Thebes the leading state 
in Greece ? v. 79. Where and how did Epaminondas meet his 
death? v. 80 and 3. Where is Macedonia? p. 76 v. 7 and 
map. What famous historical event took place between 
the fall of Athens and the rise of Thebes? Note ^. 



^ Aspasia was the beautiful and accomplished wife of 
Pericles. Their house was a great resort for the literati and 
philosophers of Athens. Socrates was often there and claimed 
to derive much benefit from his acquaintance with Aspasia. 

2 Alcibiades had a "very pleasing lisp." "His wit, beauty and 
escapades made him the darling of the Athenian ladies," though 
he had no morality. He made a great display at the Olympic 
games. Once entered the unheard of number of seven four- 
horse chariots, two of which gained prizes, so he was twice 
crowned with olive, and twice proclaimed victor by the herald. 

^ He was pierced in the breast with a javelin early in the day, 
and would not allow it to be pulled out (fearing excessive bleed- 
ing might cause his death), till he knew Thebes was victorious. 

* The enemies of Epaminondas sought to disgrace him by 
making him "public scavenger." He did his duty faithfully, and 
uttered the memorable words, "If the oflEice does not honor me, 
I will honor the office. " 

^ The "Ketreat of the Ten Thousand" (the most famous re- 
treat in all history), led by Xenophon, a pupil of Socrates. Ten 
thousand hired Greek soldiers were entrapped in the heart of the 
enemy's country in winter. Xenophon offered to become their 
leader, and after a most fearful march over the hot plains of the 
Tigris, and the icy passes of Armenia, they arrived at Byzan- 
tium, having lost only 1,400 men, Eead L. M., pp. 60-61. 



16 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

VII. 

Read v. 82 to 99. Learn v. 83--J:-5 and ^ . Who was Aris- 
totle? p. 125, V. 141. What did Philip write to Aristotle 
on the birth of his son, afterwards Alexander the Great? ^ 
Who was the tutor of Alexander? ^ Read Delphi Myth.^ 
pp. 182-3. What was the Amphictyonic Council? ^ Re- 
sult of battle of Chc^ronea ? v. 86. Learn v. 87-8-9-90. What 
was a Macedonian Phalanx? ^ Alexander's famous horse?" 
Who was CHtus? ^ Read biege of Tyre, S. p. 535-6; or 
M., p. 181. 



^ Demosthenes' orations against Philip were called Philippics, 
speeches so filled with fierce denunciation, that they have given 
name to all similar speeches and writings. 

'^ "Know that a son is born to us. We thank the Gods, not 
so much for their gift, as for bestowing it when Aristotle lives." 

^ When fourteen years old, Alexander became a pupil of 
Aristotle, and much of his greatness must be ascribed to the 
teachings of the great philosopher. 

^ A body of soldiers, fifty abreast and sixteen feet deep, ; it 
originated with Phihp, and, for 200 years, was never conquered. 

° At the battle of Granicus, he struck off the arm raised to 
kill Alexander. Afterwards, Alexander, in a passion, and flushed 
with wine, killed him, but showed his grief and remorse by re- 
fusing food for three days. S., p. 514. 

^ An association composed of deputies from the different 
Grecian tribes, whose chief duty was to preserve the rights and 
dignity of the temple of Apollo at Delphi. 

^ His name was Bucephalus. He was a magnificent animal, 
but so high-spirited that no one at Philip's court dared mount 
him. Alexander, though only thirteen years old, asked permis- 
sion to try, and, having perceived that the animal's fear was 
caused by his shadowy he gently turned his head to the sun, then 
vaulted on his back, sat firm through all his rearings, and at 
last, though using neither spur nor whip, the horse obeyed his 
voice and heel. He became a favorite companion of Alexander, 
carried him in all his campaigns until he ^vas wounded and died. 
Alexander built a city where the horse died, and called it Bu- 
cephala. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 17 



VIII. 



Eead v. 90 to 103. What Royal Persians became Alex- 
ander's prisoners, how treated by him? v. 91 and ^ . Alex- 
ander's admiration for Homer? ^ Who cut the Gordian 
knot? Some account of it? S., p. 532, or M., p. 180. 
Give a short account of Porus? v. 95 and ^. What seaport 
did Alexander found in Egypt? v. 92, also p. 19, v. 29. 
Learn v. 94-7-8, 100-101-102. Why did not Alexander pur- 
sue his conquests beyond the Hyphasis? Where is this 
river? v. 95-96 and map. Two most important kingdoms 
founded by Alexander's generals? v. 99. Founder of each of 
these kingdoms? v. 100-103. The capital of the Ptolomies ? 
V. 102. What famous translation was made there? p. 41, v. 
88. What famous mathematician was called here by 
Ptolemy First, and what did he found? (Paper V., note-', 
Anc. Hist.) 



^ He treated them better than ever Darius had done. The 
mother became much attached to him, and when she heard of his 
death, she refused food, and died in a few days. Alexander 
married the daughter of Darius, and eiglity of his nobles married 
Persian ladies. 



him 



2 He always carried a copy of the lUiad (see p. 78, v. 14) with 

3 When Porus, one of the kings of India, was taken, Alex- 
ander asked how he wished to be treated. He answered, " Like 
a Kmg, " Alexander, struck with his reply, and his kingly bear- 
mg, and the bravery he had shown before his capture, not only 
restored to him his kingdom, but enlarged it. 



18 AIDS TO HISTORY. 



IX. 



Eead v. 102 to p. 114. How large was the Kingdom 
of Seleucus? v. 103. To where did he remove his capital? 
V. 103. What were the Seleucidae? v. 104. By whom 
was the remnant of this Kingdom conquered ? It hecame 
part of what empire ? What century ? v. 104. Nature of 
the Grecian Leagues? v. 107. Learn v. 109. When, and 
under what name was Greece made a Roman province? 
V. 110. Fate of the last King of Macedon and his son? 
V. 109 and K Effect of Alexander's Oriental conquests? v. 
111. Byron's line in regard to the decline of Hellas? v. 
111. What was the Dorian Migration? v. 20-1-2. Give a 
short but connected account of Miltiades. v. 54 and notes 1 
and 5, ppr. IV. Of Aristides and Themistocles . v. 56 and 
M., p. 163 4-5. Of Alcibiades. v. 74 and note 2, ppr. VI. 
Of Leonidas. v. 59. Of Solon, v. 43 and S., p. 100. 

^ Perseus, after gracing the conqueror's triumph, was thrown 
into a dungeon, and his son and heir, Alexander, supported him- 
self as a public clerk in Rome. 

X. 

Give short account of Draco, v. 42-3. Of Epaminondas. 
V. 79-80 and notes 3 and 4, ppr. 6. Of Pelopidas. v. 79 
and S., p. 460. Of Pisistratus. v. 45 and note 5, ppr. 3. 
Of Pericles, v. 66-8-9-70-137. Of Aspasia. Note 1, ppr. 6. 
OfLycurgus. v. 32-4-5. Eead v. 112 to 122. Importance 
and effect of Grecian History on the World's History, v. 
112-113. Learn 114-115-117. Give the Latin names of 
the twelve Olympian divinities, with chief characteristic of 
each, p. 115-116 (See W., p. 23.) The two finest statues 
of Venus? p. 116 (12 and i). 

* The Yenus de Mile is now supposed to be a Statue of 
" Victory", inscribing the names of the heroes of Marathon. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 19 

XI. 

Who were Bacchus, Cerberus, Hebe, Charon, Eolus?i 
Read v. 118 to 131. Learu v. 121 and 123 to 128. 
Learn '' . What were the four great national festivals? 
V. 122. Where were the Olympian and Pythian games 
celebrated, and in whose honor? v. 122. Read S., chap, v., 
V. 1-4-5 6-9. Who was Hesiod? v. 128. What are epics 
and elegies? v. 129. Who was Tyrtaeus? v. 129. Re- 
late story of the King of Messenia.- Derivation of the 
word Eolian, in Eolian harp?i. Learn v. 130 and notes 
3 and 6. Byron's hnes in regard to Sappho?^ What was 
Pegasus?^ 



1 Bacchus was the God of wine. Cerberus the three headed 
dog that guarded the regions of Pluto. Hebe, the cup bearer to 
the gods. Charon, the boatman over the river Styx. Eolus, the 
god of the winds. 

2 He with 50 followers, was thrown by the Spartans into a 
pit. His comrades w^ere all killed by the fall, and he, seeing no 
way of escape, was awaiting death; but seeing a fox gnawing the 
dead bodies, he grasped its tail, and was dragged to an opening 
in the rock, whence he escaped. 

3 Sappho was called by Plato, "The tenth muse." Solon, on 
hearing one of her poems, prayed that he might not die till he 
had learned it. 

* "Ye Isles of Greece, ye Isles of Greece, 

Where burning Sappho loved and sung. " 

^ Pegasus was the famous winged horse that sprang from 
the blood of Medusa; he flew to Mt. Helicon, the home of the 
muses, and with his foot, produced a fountain, which inspired all 
who drank of its waters. 

^ Pindar was so venerated, that when the Spartans destroyed 
Thebes, they spared his house and family, as did also Alexander 
the Great. 

^ "Seven rival cities claimed great Homer dead. 

Through which the living Homer begged his bread." 



20 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

XII. 

Read v. 131 to 139. Learn v. 131 and ^ , and 132 to 136. 
Where, and from whom did Thucydides receive the im- 
pulse to become an historian? v. 135 and ^. What event 
marks the respective ages of the "Tragic Trio" ?^ Who was 
Xenophon, and what did he write ? v. 136 and^, also ppr.VL, 
note 5. For whatis Plutarch famous ? V. 136 and 5. Learn 
V. 137 and^p.|103, V. 84-5, and note 1, ppr. VII. The three 
most famous Greek historians before the time of Alexander 
the Great, and chief work of each? v. 134-5-6 and 4. 
Who was Thales ? v. 138 and 6. The head of the Pythago- 
rean school of philosophy? v. 138. Two of his most 
famous doctrines ? "^ . 



^ An eagle mistaking the bald head of ^schylus for a stone, 
let a tortoise fall upon it and killed him. 

2 When 15 years old he heard Herodotus recite part of his 
history at an Olympic festival, and was so charmed that he deter- 
mined to become an historian. 

^ ^schylus, in mature manhood fought in the battle of Sa- 
lamis; Sophocles, a beautiful boy of fifteen, took part in the 
chorus that celebrated its victory, and Euripides was born the 
day of the battle. 

* The most famous pupil of Socrates, except Plato. He led 
the "Retreat of the Ten Thousand," and wrote an account of it, 
called the Anabasis, his most famous work. 

^ His "Lives" of famous men "have perhaps been more often 
translated than any other book, and have been popular in every 
age and nation. IVLadame Eoland, "the Heroine of the Girondists," 
is said to have taken the book to church, instead of her prayer- 
book, when a girl. Plutarch is said to have been the tutor of the 
Emperor Trajan in Rome. A classical scholar in the 15th Cent- 
ury said "If all authors but one must be lost, I would save Plu- 
tarch, for in preserving him, we should secure the best substitute 
for all other books. " 

^ One of the wise men of Greece. 

^ The Transmigration of Souls (Metempsychosis), also "The 
Music of the Spheres" caused by the motion of the heavenly 
bodies. 



AIDS TO HISTOEY. 21 



XIII. 



Read v. 139 to 148. Character of Socrates? In what 
age Hve? Where teach ? Cause and manner of his death? 
V. 139. His wife, and her character? ^ Some of his most 
famous pupils? v. 140, 74, 136, and note 4, ppr. XII. Ori- 
gin of the word academy? v. 140. What school did Plato 
found? V. 140. What was he sometimes called? 2 What 
school of philosophy founded by Aristotle? v. 141. From 
what named? ^ Founder of the Stoics? Why so called ?'^ 
Founder of Epicureans? Their motto? ^ Most famous 
representative of the Cynics ? By whom visited ? Relate the 
anecdote. ^ Of whom was Aristotle the pupil, and of whom 
the tutor? v. 141 and -. What did Alexander send him?^ 
From what are derived our words comic and comedy? v. 
133. The greatest master of comedy? v. 133. Anecdote 



* Socrates' wife was Xantippe— a great scold. Once, after a 
siege of scolding, Socrates went out and sat on the door-steps, 
where he was soon drenched by water poured from above by his 
wife. He only said, "After the thunder, comes the rain." 

2 "The Attic Bird." 

^ From "peripatoi," the shady walks of the Lyceum where 
Aristotle taught. 

* Zeno, founder of the Stoics; from Stoa, a porch where he 
taught. 

^ Epicurus. Their motto was, "Pleasure is the highest good," 
meaning mental pleasure, not sensual gratification, as many igno- 
rantly think. 

'^ Diogenes. When 80, he was visited by Alexander the Great, 
who asked what he could do for him. "Get out of my sunshine," 
replied the old cynic. 

^ Pupil of Plato for twenty years. Plato considered him his 
best, and called him "the intellect of the school." He is often 
called the Stagirite, because born at Stagira. 

^ Alexander sent him from time to time $2,000,000, to buy 
books, etc. Sent him also large collections of objects of natural 
history for a museum. 



22 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

of him and Socrates? ^ Socrates' dream of Plato? ^ ^* What 
is Aristotle's system of reasoning called, how long predom- 
inate, by what system displaced? v. 141. When did Lord 
Bacon (referred to in 141) live?i ^ 

^ "In his Comedy of the Clouds," he burlesques Socrates and 
his teachings. Socrates, who was present once when the comedy 
was acted, good-naturedly mounted the stage to show the people 
how excellent the burlesque was. 

^° Socrates dreamed that a swan flew to him, nestled in his 
bosom, then soared upwards, sweetly singing. Next morning 
Plato's father came leading him to Socrates, who knew that thus 
his dream was fulfilled. 

" In reigns of Queen Elizabeth and James I. of England. 

XIV. 

Bead v. 142 through v. 152. Learn v. 142-3 andi, and 
144. The most ornate of the three orders of architecture? 
V. 145. Origin of its Capital. ^ What and where is the most 
famous Doric temple? 146-7 and 3. Erected under whose 
direction and supervision? In whose time? v 147. Learn 
note '. What is said of Praxitiles? ^ What is a satyr? Name 

^ The column is divided into three parts— base, shaft, capital. 
It is chiefly the capital that decides the order. Besting horizon- 
tally upon the capital is the entablature, composed of the archi- 
trave, frieze and cornice. 

* Callimachus (a sculptor) saw a basket, covered with a tile, 
and overgrown with the leaves of an acanthus-plant. (S., p. 145.) 
This suggested to him the graceful Corinthian capital. 

^ Parthenon, 217 feet long; built time of Pericles, under direc- 
tion of Phidias, who made for it, also, a chryselephantine (ivory 
and gold) statue of Minerva 40 feet high. The frieze of the tem 
pie was 3J feet high and 520 feet long. Much of it was taken to 
England by Lord Elgin, and is now in the British museum. 

* A famous sculptor in the age succeeding Pericles; famed 
for his Cupid, Satyr, ("Marble Faun") and Venus of Cnidus. He 
promised his favorite, Phryne, any one statue she might choose, 
but would not tell her which he considered his best; so she, wish- 
ing to ascertain this, sent a message to him that his studio was 
on fire; whereupon, he rushed out exclaiming, "I am undone if 
my Satyr or Cupid is destroyed." 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 23 

three famous Grecian painters. ^ Relate the story of the con- 
test between Zeuxis and Parrhasius.^ What artist was 
contemporary with Alexander the Great ?^ Relate the story 
of Apelles and the cobbler. S., p. 583. 



^ Zeuxis, Parrhasiiis and Apelles. The two former, trying 
for a prize, Z. painted a boy carrying a basket of grapes, so nat- 
ural that birds came to eat the grapes. P. painted a curtain, 
which Z. told him to draw aside that he might see his work, and 
when Z. discovered his mistake he said, "/deceived only birds, 
but yoit deceived an artist. " 

^ Apelles was contemporary with Alexander the Great, who 
would allow no one else to paint his portrait. He painted Alex- 
ander wielding a thunderbolt, also Alexander mounted on Bu- 
cephalus. He was the first to employ the pic file. 

^ The Acropohs, covered with magnificent temples and statues, 
and crowned by the Parthenon, the grandest temple of Greece, 
presented, until 200 years ago, almost the same front of unpar- 
alleled beauty which it had displayed in the days of Pericles. In 
the 17th century, when Athens was besieged by the Venetians, 
the Turkish garrison retired to the Acropolis' The Venetian 
commander directed his batteries against it, and soon, of this 
" City of the Gods," which, with the exception of a few blemishes 
and losses, had stood for 2,000 years in all its splendour, naught 
was left but ruins. 



XV. 



Read v. 148 through chap. Learn v. 151, 152. Origin 
of the word Sybarite ? i Whence comes the term "Arcadian 
Simplicity?" ^ Where and what was the Castalian Foun- 



^ The inhabitants of Sybaris, a very rich city of Magna 
Greecia, became so luxurious and effeminate, that their name has 
become proverbial for a voluptuary in all time. 

- Arcadia, in the Peloponnesus, was the most picturesque 
portion of Greece. The inhabitants were quiet and simple in 
their habits, hospitable and fond of music and dancing. Poets 
have chosen Arcadia for the scene of many idyls, until its name 
has become a synonym for a land of untroubled peace and quiet. 



24 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

tain? ^ What is the LaocouD? '^ Learn anal, synopsis, 
p. 112, 113. Give the 3 periods of Greek history, with 
dates. What was the Colossus of Rhodes? ^ What are 
the 7 wonders of the w^orld? '^ 



3 A fountain on Mt. Parnassus, near the temple of Apollo 
at Delphi. It was, like Mt. Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and the 
muses. It was regarded as a source of inspiration for poets, as 
was also the fountain of Hippocrene on Mt. Helicon. 

* A famous marble group of the Priest Laocoon and his two 
sons strangled by serpents, because they advised the Trojans 
not to admit the wooden horse within the city. This statue is 
now in the Vatican. 

' A gigantic brazen or bronze statue of Apollo, near the har- 
bor of Khodes. One of the 7 wonders of the world. 

6 Statue of Jupiter Olympus by Phidias; Temple of Diana at 
Ephesus; Walls and hanging gardens of Babylon; Pyramids of 
Egypt; Pharos or Lighthouse of Alexandria; Tomb of Mausolus, 
erected by his wife Artemesia; and the Colossus of Khodes. 



RDMAN HISTORY 



Bead chap. I. and 11. What was Galha Cisalpina? v. 2. 
Who were the Etruscans? v, 4. Why was southern Italy 
called Magna Grtecia? v. 4. What shows that the Itahan 
race proper was closely allied to the Hellenes? v. 5 Who 
was the fahled founder of the Latins ? v. 8 and i . Legend of 
Eomulus and Kemus?v. 8 and ~. "The Kape of the Sab- 
ines?"3 Story of Tarpeia. W., p. 128. Date of founding of 
Rome? V. 11. How many kings ruled in Rome? v. 12. How 
long did the regal period last? v. 12 and 15. Legend of 
the Horatii and Curiatii? W., p. 130, or L. M., p. 91+. 

1 ^neas fled from Troy with his aged father Anchises on his 
back, and leading his little son lulus. After 7 years' wanderings, 
much of the time with Queen Dido, in Carthage, he landed on the 
west coast of Italy, and founded a colony of his countrymen. 

2 Romulus and Eemus, the twins mentioned in v. 8, were 
thrown into the Tiber (when it had overflowed its banks) to 
perish. The waters receding, left them on dry land, where they 
were found and suckled by a wolf, until discovered by Faustulus, 
who took them and brought them up with his own sons till the 
secret of their birth became known. Then they obtained from 
their grandfather, permission to build a city on the shores of the 
Tiber; but quarreled about the situation and the name. The dis- 
pute being decided in favor of Romulus, he proceeded to mark 
out the citv, and while building the walls, Remus insultingly 
leaped over the punv rampart and was slain by his brother. See 
W. p. 127-f or L. M. p. 89 + 

3 The Romans had no wives, so Romulus invited the Sabines, 
a neighboring tribe, to a great festival. They came with their 
wives and daughters, and at a certain signal each Roman seized 
a maiden and carried her off to be his wife. See W., p. 128+. 



26 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

Vestal "Virgins. ^ Into what classes were Koman citizens 
divided and to which belonged the offices? v. 13. What 
was Servius TuUius called and why? v. 14. Learn v. 15. 
Story of Lucretia? W., p. 135+, or L. M., p. 93. How 
many years was Rome a republic? ^ also v. 16. First two 
Consuls ? V. 18. Story of the Elder Brutus? p. 137. Bo- 
ratius Codes? p. 138. Coriolanus? p. 138-9. 

* The Vestal Virgins served in the temple of Vesta, keeping 
the sacred lamp always burning. They were not allowed to 
marry; if they did, they were buried alive. 

^ About 500 years; from banishment of the kings to the es- 
tablishment of Empire under Augustus, 

II. 

Story of Cincinnatus? p. 139. Of Mutius Scaevola? 
W., p. 136, or L. M., p. 94. Learn notes, pp. 138-9. Read 
pp. 140 to 143. Learn v. 22-4-5. Who were the Decem- 
virs, and what were they appointed to do? v. 26. Result of 
their first year's work? v. 26-7. Story of Virginia. Lid., 
p. 117 -\-, or L. M., p. 101 -f. Direct cause of overthrow 
of the Decemvirs? ^ Learn note.^ What officers were 
chosen in place of the Decemvirs, and from what party? v. 
28-29. Read about the Gauls and their chief, Brennus, 



^ It was the blood of the fair Virginia that overthrew the De- 
cemvirs, as that of Lucretia had driven out the Tarquins. 

- The Decemvirs first prepared a code of ten tables, and 
placed them in the Forum where all might see them and suggest 
amendments; but the seconcl year they added two more, by 
which the plebeians were greatly oppressed. The laws of the 
Twelve Tables were placed in the Forum, and were to Kome what 
the laws of Solon were to Athens. Every school-boy was re- 
quired to learn them. Appius Claudius became an absolute des- 
pot, and the other nine supported his tyranny. Each Decemvir 
had twelve lictors who carried the fasces (the symbol of absolute 
power) ; so it was said that Eome had twelve Tarquins instead of 
one. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 27 

and relate the story of Bfennus' entry into Rome. W., p. 
144, or L. M., pp. 103-4, or M., p. 261. Story of Mar- 
cus Manlius and the Sacred Geese? (see same references 
as above.) Who were the Gauls? v. 31 and ^. Story of 
Marcus Curtius? Lid., p. 168. 

^ The Gauls were a tribe of Celts, who peopled nearly all 
Western Europe, from the heart of Germany to the ocean. 

III. 

Read v. 32 to 50. What great change in the nature of 
the government (with other reforms) ended the long strug- 
gle of Plebeians against Patricians? ^ Compare this period 
of Roman history with that of Greece, in v. 46, p. 90. 
Whose reforms made Rome a democratic republic? v. 33-5. 
What was the new plan of constitution called, and by 
whom resisted? v. 34. Learn v. 35-6-7-40. Where is 
Epirus? map, p. 72. Samnium? map, p. 131. What were 
the Latin and Samnite wars? The issue of these wars ? v. 
39 and 2 . Who was Pyrrhus ? What city first called him to 
aid them against Rome? (W., p. 148, v. 40 -f ). What did 
he exclaim after his first victory ?2 After his second? v. 41. 
Story of Fabricius ^ Soon after the final defeat of Pyrr- 



1 That one of the two consuls should be a plebeian, and that 
all the offices should be thrown open to the commons, v. 33-4-5. 

- There were three Samnite wars — the first lasting two years, 
the second twenty-two, and the third fourteen ; and this strug- 
gle for freedom was as noble as any recorded in history; 

^ Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, a relative of Alexander the Great. 
Tarentum, the richest town of Magna Gra^cia. Pyrrhus came 
expecting an easy victory over the "barbarians," as he consid- 
ered the Komans, but was astonished at their valor and military 
skill. After his tirst hardly won victory, as he looked at the Ro- 
mans fallen with their faces to the foe, he said, "With what ease 
could I conquer the world, had I such soldiers, or had they me 
forking." 

^ The physician of Pyrrhus wrote to Fabricius (the Roman 
commander) that, for a reward, he would poison the king. Fab- 



28 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

bus, how far did Roman rule extend? v. 42. Rome's plan 
of government in regard to states and nations she con- 
quered. V. 45. In what had Rome done nothing, and in 
what did her genius appear? v. 46. When and by whom 
was Carthage founded? ^ 

ricius having nobly told Pyrrhus of this treachery, the latter ex- 
claimed, "It is easier to turn the sun from his course than Fabri- 
cius from the path of honor. " 

^ Carthage was founded in ninth century B. C, by a Ph(Pni- 
cian colony from Tyre, led by Dido, a Tyrian princess (so says 
tradition). She purchased as much land as could be covered by 
a bull's hide, and, by cutting the hide in narrow strips, enclosed 
a large tract of land, on which she built Carthage, and became 
its queen. See Note 1. , ppr. I (Rome). In the third century B.C. 
it was probably the richest city in the world. She was "mistress 
of the Mediterranean;" was twenty-three miles in circumfer- 
ence, and had 1,000,000 inhabitants. She was, unliite Eome, very 
tyrannical to her dependents; so they were ready to revolt as 
soon as a favorable opportunity occurred. 

IV. 

Readv. 47 to GO. Learn v. 48-9-53. Time, duration, seat, 
and chief leaders of first Panic war? v. 50-51 and Note ^ . 
Construction of the first Roman Navy and the result? 51 
and 2. Learn Note ^. Story of Xantippus ^. Of 
Regulus. W., p. 153, v. 7-9; or, L. M., p. 113-114; 



^ Regulus was the greatest Roman leader, and Hanno and 
Hamilcar the Carthagenian leaders. 

2 A Carthagenian galley was cast on their coast by a storm. 
This served as a model, and in sixty days, a growing forest was 
converted by the Romans into a fl^et of 120 ships. The Romans 
also invented an elevated drawbridge, by which they could board 
the enemy's ships. 

3 Agrigentum was the largest and most magnificent city of 
Hellas, which, about 150 years before, had been sacked and 
taken by Carthage. 

* Regulus was very successful at first, and took seventy-four 
towns. Carthage sued for peace, but the terms of Regulus were 
so insolent and cruel, that Carthage refused them. Then ap- 
peared Xantippus, a Spartan general, with a few troops, and of- 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 29 

or, M., pp. 280-281. Kead L. M., p. 115 to Chap. XI and 
p. 183, part V. to p. 136; or, W., p. 156, v. 13 to 17; also 
V. 18 to 22, and v. 26 through chapter. What said 
Hamilcar in regard to his three sons? ^ Cause of the 
second Punic war; where did it begin? v. 55-6. How 
long from beginning to end of the Punic wars? ^ Date 
of first? V. 50. Learn 56 and ■ ; also, v. 57. When 
was Temple of Janus closed the second time? -. 

fered to lead the Carthagenians to victory. He succeeded, de- 
feated Kegulus, and took him prisoner, and nothing further is 
known of the brave Spartan. 

5 "I have three sons, whom I shall rear like so many lion's 
whelps against the Romans. " 

« Over 100 years. 

7 At Cannae, the Romans lost 42,000 men. Spear's, heads of 
lances, etc., continue to be found there. The messenger sent to 
Carthage by Hannibal with tidings of the victory, gave to the 
Senate three bushels of gold rings, taken from the fingers of the 
fallen nobles. 

^ After first Punic war. 

V. 

Read v. 58 to 67. Learn v. 58-9-62-3-4. When was the 
Carthagenian territory made the Eoman Province of 
Africa? v. 64. What other province was made the same 
year? p. Ill, v. 110. Where is Syracuse? Map, p. 148. 
By whom captured? Archimedes' connection with it?^. 
Where is Numantia? Its fall?^ Who was Cato, how end 

1 Syracuse was captured by the Roman consul, Marcellus, 
after a seige of nearly two years. The seige was long pro- 
tracted bv the skill of" the famous Archimedes. Read W., p. 159, 
Note A, or L. M., p. 118, or Lid., pp. 328-329. 

2 After the fall of Carthage, part of Spain still rebelled 
against Rome. Scipio iEmilianus beseiged Numantia, garrisoned 
by 10,000 men, but did not take it, till most of the inhabitants, 
worn out by toil and famine (having eaten boiled leather and 
even the bodies of the dead), had killed their women and chil- 
dren, then fired the city and killed themselves. Read W., p. 167, 
or Lid., p. 495. 



30 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

each speech and why? v. 62. Kesults of the battles of 
Cynoscephalae and Pydna? v. 66. To what was the victory 
of Pydna due? By whom won?^ Treachery of Rome to 
Epirus?* Fate of last King of Macedon? (Note ^ ppr. 
IX., Grecian). Triumph of ^Emilius Paulus. Lid., p. 465. 

^ Won by iEmilius Paulus. The Macedonians were horror- 
struck by an eclipse of the moon; they felt that it portended their 
defeat — but the Koman leader had prepared his soldiers for it. 

* The Senate ordered J^milius Paulus to announce that all 
the inhabitants of Epirus should henceforth be free, and to 
require them to place in certain towns all their gold and silver. 
Those towns were seized by the Komans, all the treasure was 
taken, and 150,000 wretched captives were sold into slavery. 

VI. 

Eead v. 66 to 86. Learn 67-70-72-4-7-9. What 
was the kingdom of the Selucidae? p. 109, v. 103-104. 
Eome's plan for governing conquered territory? v. 68. 
Who were the Publicans.^ v. 68 and Matthew ix., 9, and x., 3. 
What led to the beginning of Latin literature? Its best 
period? v. 73. Ennius? v. 73 and i. Terrence? v. 73. 
Meaning of Parasite? Its application in. v. 77? To what 
did Cato ascribe the degeneracy of the Romans? ^ Occu- 
pation of Roman slaves? L. M., p. 122-3. Story of 
Mummius and the capture of Corinth? v. 66 and ^. Origin 

' Ennius boasted that he was the first to abandon the rude 
meter of the bards, and study elegance of style. He, by his 
poem on the Punic Wars, settled the Latin language as Chaucer 
and Shakespeare settled the Enghsh. He was an excellent 
Greek scholar and taught that language to many young nobles. 
He was a great friend of Scipio Africanus, who was also a fine 
Greek scholar and one of the most cultured of the Komans. 

2 To the introduction of Greek customs; but he was wrong; 
the vices for which Rome was noted were not Hellenic; the 
Greeks were not gluttons nor sensual, 

' Mummius was a Plebeian. He captured and burned Cor- 
inth (v. 66), and sent to Greece the glorious treasures of art for 
which the city was famous, telling the masters of the ships that 
conveyed them to Rome, that if they were lost they must be re- 
placed by new ones! Lid., p. 479, or L. M., p. 135. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 31 

of "Coriuthiau brass?" ^ What new division of society dis- 
placed that of the Patricians and Plebeians? v. 80. Evil 
effects of so many slaves? v. 80 and ^ . Tell the story of Cor- 
nelia and her jewels. W., p. 170, note a, or L. M., p. 136. 
Meaning and derivation of Agrarian/ v. 82 and ^. Fate of 
Tiberius Gracchus? v. 83. What is meant by the Servile 
War? - 

* When Corinth was burned, the metal ornaments of houses, 
temples, etc., melted and fused, forming anew metal called 
"Corinthian brass." 

^ No employment was left for poor freemen who had before 
been hired: also v. 80. 

^ From the Latin word Ager, a field. 

^ In Sicily there were hundreds of thousands of slaves, 
many of them the peers of their masters. Cruelty and oppres- 
sion drove them to revolt, and soon after the fall of Carthage, 70,- 
000 were in arms, and for" 3 years defied the power of Eome and 
defeated four large armies sent against them. Read M;, p. o08-9, 
or Lid., p. 498-9-500. 

VII. 

Read v. 86 to 99. Fate of Tiberius and Caius Grac- 
chus and their followers ? Through influence of what class ? 
V. 82-3-4-5. What three wars after the fall of the Grac- 
chi before the first Mithradatic War? v. 86-7. Learn notes 
1, 2, 3. Cause of first Mithradatic War? v. 88. Result? 

^ The Jugurthine War, a history of which was written by 
Sallust, one of the most famous of the Roman historians, was. 
against Jugurtha, king of Numidia, in Africa. He was conquered 
by Marius, and after gracing his triumph, was starved to death 
in prison. 

2 The Cimbri were a Germanic tribe. The whole nation (300, - 
000 fighting men) desolated Gaul and threatened Italy. In one 
battle they killed 100,000 Romans. The terror in Rome was 
equalled only by that caused by the Gauls 200 years before. 
Marius was sent against them, and defeated them in two terrible 
battles, in one of which 200,000 Cimbri were slain, and in the 
other 100,000 slain and 60,000 made prisoners and sold as slaves. 
ReadM., p. 315 and 316. 

^ The Social War between the Romans and their Italian 
allies, lasted three vears and destroved 300,000 lives. 



32 AIDS TO HISTOKY. 

V. 89. WhereisPontus? Mapp. 161. Learn v. 91. Read 
W. p. 175, V. 4, or L. M. p. 143. How many fell in the 
civil wars between Marius and Sylla? v. 92. How many 
Mithradatic wars were there ? Ans. 3. Who won the last? 
V. 95. Fate of Mithradates? v. 95. Who was Spartacns 
and what did he do? v. 94 and *. Pompey's conquest of 
the Pirates?^. What honor was decreed to Pompey? v. 
95 and ^. Who had been Pompey's colleague in the con- 
sulship? V. 94 and 98. 



* Spartacus belonged to a Gladiatorial training school. He 
incited his companions to revolt; they were joined by other glad- 
iators, slaves, etc., and finally had an army of 100,000 men. For 
three years they defied Kome and conquered five Roman armies 
sent against them, but were finally defeated by Pompey and 
Crassus. 

5 The Mediterranean and its coast swarmed with ph'ates; 
they had "400 fortified towns and 1,000 ships. They sacked and 
captured cities and sold the inhabitants as slaves. Pompey was 
given men, ships, etc., and in 49 days conquered them. M., p. 
329-330. 

® Pompey's triumph was the most magnificent Rome had 
ever seen. He had conquered 21 kings and subjugated 12,000,- 
000 people. 324 princes walked before his triumphal car. 



VIII. 

Read v. 97 to 117. Who was Crassus? His wealth? 
V. 94-8 and ^ Rise of Julius Cffisar? v. 99. His two narrow 
escapes? ^ Who was Cataliue? His followers, rival, fate? 
V. 100. In what speech occurs the expression, "0 Tem- 



^ Crassus gave a feast to the people on 10,000 tables, and gave 
corn to supply the families for three months. 

2 He was on the list of those proscribed by Sulla, but hid till 
the Vestal virgins and nobles obtained his pardon. He was on 
the way to Rhodes to study oratory (Rhodes was long a center of 
literature and art), and was captured by the pirates, but was ran- 
somed. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 33 

pora! Mores?" ^ Who formed the first Triumvirate? 
V. 102. Learn v. 103-5-9-111 to 116. Kesult of Caesar's 
eight years in Gaul? v. 104-5 and ^. Origin of the expres- 
sion, "Swift as a Parthian arrow?"'' Where is the Kubicon? 
One Reason of Cesar's victory at Pharsaha? ^ Where is 
Pharsaha? Why, how and where did Cato fall? v. 115- 
116 and '' . Where are Thapsusand Munda? map, p. 167, 
and V. 115. Learn notes 8 and 9. 



3 In the famous oration of Cicero which compelled Cataline 
to leave Kome. v, 100. 

* He completely subdued Gaul, and took 800 cities, defeated 
nearly 3,000,000 men, and made two invasions of Britain. 

^ The Parthian cavalry would pretend to retreat, then, when 
pursued, would turn and discharge their arrows with unerring 
accuracy. 

^Pompey's cavalry were handsome young nobles. CaBsar 
told his men to aim at their faces. They fled and lost the battle. 
So says Plutarch, but Caesar does not mention it. 

^ Cato said he saw the republic was passing away, and he 
would not survive it. 

® Caesar said of the battle of Munda: "I have often fought for 
victory, but in this I fought for life. " 

^ Connect Julius Caesar, and everything connected with him, 
with one date^ 55 B. C, his first invasion of Britain, and the be- 
ginning of the authentic history of Britain. 



IX. 

Read V. 117 to 137. Caesar's honors and triumphs after 
his great conquests? i How did he use his power? v. 117- 
118-127. What do you mean by "Caesar reformed the cal- 



^ The senate made him perpetual dictator, conferred upon him 
the powers of censor, consul and tribune, with the title of Ponti- 
fex Maximus and Imperator; his statue was to be carried in the 
procession of the gods, and their fifth month, Quintilis, was to 
be called, in his honor, Julius (July). He had four triumphs in 
one month. 



34 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

endar?" ^ Learu v. 119-122-5-6-9. Caesar's physical 
defect? How hidden? v. 124. Who were the chief s of the 
conspiracy against C^sar? v. 121. Cc^sar's death? v. 123. 
"Who was Octavius, and who, with him, formed the second 
Triumvirate? v. 130-131. Learn v. 132-5-6. Cause, 
leaders, and result of Battle of Philippi? v. 133. Where 
is Philippi? V. 183, and map, p. 182. Cause, leaders, and 
result of hattle of Actium? Where is Actium? v. 136 
and map, p. 72. 

2 Their year had consisted of only 365 days, instead of about 
365|. This, in the course of centuries, made a difference of some 
months between the civil and solar year. Caesar called in the aid 
of Greek astronomers, who rectified the error by adding one day 
in every four years at the end of February (as in our leap-year). 
There was still a shght error, which was corrected under Pope 
Gregory XIII, in the sixteenth century. Eussia still keeps the 
old style, and is twelve days behind the rest of Europe. 

X. 

Keadv. 137 to p. 182. Learn v. 137-8-9. Learn last 
half of synopsis of Regal Period and the two dates, p. 
178. Give the important characters and legends of this 
period? ^ Principal characters and offices connected with 
Rome when an aristocratic Republic? p. 179 and Note ^. 
How long was Rome an aristocratic Republic? p. 144, v. 

35 to 38. What was the nature of the struggle the first 
century of the Republic? v. 17-22, also synopsis, p. 179. 
How long was Rome a republic? (ppr. 1, n. ^.) How is this 
period divided? v. 17 to 19 (no dates). Learn synopsis 

^ Romulus and Remus, and the wolf. Tarpeia, The Horatii 
and the Curiatii. Rape of the Sabines. Lucre tia. 

2 Brutus and Collatinus, Horatius Codes, Porsenna King of 
the Etruscans, Mutius Scsevola, Coriolanus, Cincinnatus, Virginia, 
Appius Claudius, Brennus, Marcus Manlius and the Sacred 
Geese; officers were, consuls, tribunes, decemvirs, censors, dic- 
tators, senators, lictors. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 35 

of second epoch, p. 179-180. Important names in Epoch 
of Foreign Conquest. ^ 



3 Hanno, Hamilcar, Regulus, Xanthippus, Hasdrubal, Hanni- 
bal, Fabius, Marcellus, Scipio Africanus, Archimedes, iEmillius 
Paulus, Mummius, Cato the Censor, Scipio ^milianus. 



XI. 

Learn synopsis of Epoch of Civil Strife and name im- 
portant characters connected with it. p. 181. Contending 
parties and results of Battles of Pharsalia, Philippi, Can- 
nae, Zama, Thapsus, Munda, Actium? Where is each of 
these places? Name the principal wars in which Pompey 
was engaged? p. 163, v. 94 to 114. Who were the Gauls? 
Note 3, ppr. 11., and p. 142, v. 31. Who were the 
Celts? p. 3, V. 7 and 8. Seven hills of Rome?^ Learn 
Note 2 Who were the Dictators? p. 139. The Lictors? 
p. 138. Origin of our word Bostrum! ^ Who were the 
Augurs ? * 



1 Aventine, Palatine, Capitoline, Esquiline, Quirinal,Viminal, 
Caelian. 

- "Hesperia," " the land of the evening star," was the old 
Greek name for Italy. The "Ultima Thule" of the Romans is 
thought to have been one of the Orkney or Shetland Islands— 
the most remote northern island known to them. The "Curule 
chairs" were the ivory chairs of the senators. S. P. Q- R.,on 
Roman standards, arches, etc., are the initials of Senatus, Pop- 
ulusque Romanus, which signifies, "The Roman Senate and 
People."' 

2 The prows of war ships were often fashioned like the beak 
of a bird (in Latin, rostrum ; plural, rostra). The Romans hav- 
ing captured one of these ships, took its rostrum to Rome as a 
trophy and placed it in the forum, as a platform for orators. 

* The Augurs were the interpreters of the auspices or omens 
by which Jupiter made known his will. No business was entered 
upon without first consulting them, and they often abused their 
power for political ends. Read v. 74, p. 157. 



36 AIDS TO HISTORY. 



XII. 



Read p. 182 to 190. Nature of Augustus' rule? v. 140. 
Boundaries of his empire? v. 141. What three civilizations 
in the Roman dominion? v. 144 to 148. What were the 
Praetorian cohorts ? Their power, v. 148 and 165. Learn 
V. 149 to 154. Who was Janus? When was his temple 
closed? What words are derived from his name? i What 
was the Campus Martins? v. 154 and Note ^. What was 
the Pantheon? By whom built and in whose reign? v. 154 
and Note ^. What were the aqueducts? v. 155. What of 
the baths? v. 156. The fountains? v. 156. Who was Mae- 
cenas? V. 157. What can you say of Augustus and his age 
in regard to literature? v. 157. Name the Latin poets and 
historians mentioned p. 188. Greatest event in reign of 
Augustus? V. 160-175. Who was Varus and what disas- 
ter befel him, and what did Augustus exclaim when he 



^ A god of the Romans, unknown to the Greeks. His temple 
was built by Numa Pompilius, second king of Home, and was 
closed during his reign. The god is often represented with two 
faces — one looking to the past, the other to the future. He was 
the god of the year and of the day, and of doors. January and 
Janitor both come from Janus. The gates of the temple were 
closed the second time after the first Punic war, and the third 
time during the reign of Augustus, when Christ was born. Learn 
in Milton's Nativity Hymn, verse beginning, "No war nor bat- 
tles' sound, " and read verse following. 

^ Campus Martins means *' Field of Mars" — a place for mili- 
tary exercises. Our word, martial, comes from Mars, the god of 
war. 

^ Built by Agrippa, a famous and favorite minister of Au- 
gustus. It has no windows, but is lighted from above by a large 
aperture, twenty-six feet in diameter. The bronze from its roof 
was taken to adorn the high altar in St. Peter's church, Rome. 
The Pantheon is now a Christian church, and Raphael is buried 
there. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 37 

heard of it?^. Learn Note 5. When and how was Pom- 
peii destroyed? What famous writer was killed then? 159. 
What is said of his industry? M., p. 462. Why was he 
called "Pliny the Elder?" ^ 

* A tyrannical Koman commander; he provoked a rebellion of 
Germans, was entrapped in their forests, and, with almost his 
entire army of 40,000, was killed. Augustus was frantic with 
grief and vexation, and often exclaimed: "0, Varus! Varus! 
restore me my legions!" 

5 Among many offices bestowed upon Augustus (read v. 139) 
was that of "Pontifex Maximus." The college of Pontiffs (from 
the Latin word, pons, pontis, a bridge), was so called because 
the members had to keep in order the bridges over which relig- 
ious processions passed, and it became the most important relig- 
ious institution of the Komans. In course of time the Pope was 
called Pontifex Maximus (Pontiff) in imitation of the Eoman em- 
perors who united civil and religious functions. 

6 Because his nephew Pliny (called "Pliny, the Younger"), 
was also a writer and orator (though not a naturaUst, like the 
elder Pliny). 

XIII. 

Learn notes 1 to 9 ahout some of the Roman Emperors. 



1 Tiberius lived at Capri (island) giving himself up to de- 
bauchery, while Sejanus, his low, corrupt minister ruled in 
Kome. 

2 Caligula (from caUgae, httle boots) was a monster of wicked- 
ness. Spent 98,000,000 dollars in one year. His horse "Incita- 
tus" had a stable of marble and ivory; he claimed for him greater 
reverence than is due to man, and intended to make him consul. 

3 Claudius (by some considered almost imbecile) conquered 
Britain, and took "captive the famous British chief Caractacus. 
His wife Messahna. a most abandoned woman, ruled him and 
Kome until he killed her for her shameless immoralities. Then 
he married Agrippina, mother of Nero, and was poisoned by her 
that Nero might have the throne. 

* Nero was the 6th (see list, p. 189) and last of the Julian hne 
or the true Crosars, JuUus Cc^sar being the first. Of these six, 
Augustus was the only one who did not die a violent death. Nero 
built an immense palace, so magnificent that it was called the 
"Golden House of Nero." He was an inhuman monster, and 
murdered all whom he hated or whose wealth he coveted. He 
also killed his mother, his excellent adviser and tutor (the famous 
morahst Seneca), and his minister Burrhus. M., p. 461. 



3S AIDS TO HISTORY. 

Read carefully v. 164 to 174. Augustus' advice to his 
successors? v. 166. What addition did Trajan make to the 



^ Yitellius spent in four months 35,000,000 dollars on his table. 
After a hearty meal, he would take an emetic that he might eat 
more. One costly dish was brains of rare birds, eggs of fishes, 
nightingales' tongues, etc. 

^ Vespasian began the Coliseum or Flavian Amphitheatre. 
His son Titus, after a most fearful siege (L. M.,p. 170-1-2, or W.. 
p. 197, V. 26 to 31) took Jerusalem. Learn note 1, 5th ppr. (Anc.) 
Josephus the famous Jewish historian, accompanied Titus to 
Eome, and was well treated by Vespasian. Vespasian was the 
first emperor after Augustus who was not murdered. 

'' Titus, a most excellent emperor, was called, "The Delight 
of Mankind. " If any day passed without some kindly deed per- 
formed, he would exclaim, "I have lost a day!" He finished the 
Cohseum (read M., p. 420-421). "While stands the Coliseum, Rome 
shall stand; when falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall, and when 
Rome falls, then falls the world." The "Elder Pliny, " the cele- 
brated natural historian, was killed by the eruption of Vesuvius 
in this reign, see v. 159. 

^ Antoninus Pius and his colleague and successor, Marcus 
Aurelius, were devoted to the welfare and happiness of their 
people. The latter is often called the "Philosopher". He was a 
stoic, and a most thoughtful writer; and his "Meditations 
approach nearer to the spirit of Christianity than any other writings 
of Pagan antiquity. " Troubles on the frontier called him from 
his books to the camp. Once his army was surrounded and his 
soldiers dying of thirst, when suddenly a thunder-storm brought 
them relief, in answer, it is said, to the prayers of a Christian 
legion, which received the name of "The Thundering Legion." 
(M., p. 376-7.) A terrible plague having broken out, superstitious 
people thought that it was because the new sect of Christians 
was tolerated in the empire. Aurelius, therefore, permitted a fear- 
ful persecution against them, and the saintly Polycarp, Bishop 
of Smyrna, was one of the victims. The death of Aurelius marks 
the beginning of the "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." 

^ Diocletian, after ruling 20 years, resigned the sceptre and 
devoted himself to rural pursuits. He was so happy in his farm 
life, that when urged to resume the purple, he would only answer, 
"Come and see the cabbages that I have planted." In this reign 
occurred the tenth, last, and greatest general persecution of the 
Christians. It lasted 10 years, extending into the reign of Gale- 
lius, Diocletian's successor (v. 181) who being seized with a loath- 
some, incurable disease, was told that it was sent by the God of 
the Christians. He ordered the persecutions to cease, and the 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 39 

empire ? v. 166 and 507. How commemorated ?i « One proof 
that the provinces became Latinized ? v. 168. What do you 
mean hy Latinized.' v. 168. What new order of government 
did Diocletian introduce ? v. 169-170. Learn note ^. Under 
whom was the empire reunited ? v. 170. What great change 
made by Constantine? v. 171 and 205. Learn 172-3. 

Christians to rebuild their churches. It was during this and 
other persecutions, that the Christians sought refuge in the Cata- 
combs, tliose vast galleries and chambers under the city ofKome. 
^'^ There was erected in Kome, Trajan's Column, adorned 
from base to top with a spiral band of sculptures, containing 
2,500 human figures, besides horses, chariots, etc. M., p. 373. 

XIV. 

Bead very carefully v. 174 to 188. Notice passage from 
Tacitus, V. 177. W^hy is this of special interest to us? v. 
177. How did the great empires of Alexander and 
Augustus help to prepare the world for the coming of Christ, 
and to carry the gospel to "earth's remotest bounds?" ^ 
Learn v. 177 (coarse print), 178-9 and 2. Mention some 
of the tortures endured by the early Christians 2. Perse- 

1 (a.) That of Alexander, by disseminating the Greek lan- 
guage, which, better than any other, expresses the truths of 
Kevelation. 

(b.) Under Augustus there was peace and intercourse be- 
tween all parts of his immense empire, and the gospel was 
carried along Koman roads, over Eoman bridges, on Roman 
ships throughout Western and Southern Europe, Western Asia 
and Northern Africa. 

2 Trajan was one of Eome's grand emperors. Few others 
would have dared to say, as he did when giving his sword to a 
Prefect, "Take this sword and use it; if I have merit, for me; if 
not, against me. " 

^ Some were stretched on racks till their bones were dislo- 
cated; some had their flesh torn from them with red-hot pincers; 
some were scourged till the flesh came from the bones, and then 
the wounds rubbed with salt and vinegar. Indeed, they were 
tortured in every way that cruelty could devise. 



40 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

cutions?* (See L. M., pp. 179 to 183.) Bead Coliseum, 
M., p. 420. Who were the father and mother of Constan- 
tine? V. 183, and L. M., pp. 180-183. Why, where and 
when was the first Ecumenical Council held? L. M., p. 
185. What was the Labarum? Its origin? v. 184-5. 
What famous church did Constantine build in his new 
capital ? 5 

* There were ten great persecutions — the first in Nero's 
reign, the last in Diocletian's. Four of the greatest were under 
Nero, Trajan, Marcus Aureliusand Diocletian. 

^ A magnificent church, whose dome was encrusted with mo- 
saic work and gold. He dedicated it to Sophia (the Greek for 
"Wisdom of God") ; but the ignorance of succeeding ages changed 
it to St. Sophia, which it is now called. 

XV. 

Bead v. 188 to 203. Who was Julian the Apostate? 
Why so called? v, 188. How did he attempt to falsify 
Bible prophecy, and how foiled? W., p. 225, v. 38-9. 
Learn names of the Christian fathers, pp. 200-201, and v. 
190. Who was called the "golden -mouthed," and why? 
p. 201. What famous translation was made by St. Jer- 
ome? p. 201. Under what circumstances is the Te Deum 
said to have been written? ^ Who was Athanasius, and 
for what especially famous? p. 200. What archbishop re- 
fused communion to an emperor? The circumstances? L. 
M., pp, 196-7. Bead about Zenobia, M., p. 385, or, W., 
p. 216, note 4. The chief garment of a Boman? v. 191. 
Give an instance in which a famous Boman, at work on 
his farm, put on this garment before receiving the com- 

^ Written by St. Ambrose (see p. 200) , to be sung at the bap- 
tism of St. Augustine, who, after a youth of dissipation, was at 
last, by the tears and prayers of his mother, Monica, led to be- 
come a Christian. He afterwards became Bishop of Hippo (p. 
201), and is revered as one of the greatest fathers of the church. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 41 

mands of the Senate, p. 139. Position of the Komans at 
their meals? v. 194. Roman baths during the empire? v. 196, 
and M., p. 428 -f. Learn v. 197. Books of theEomans? 
V. 198. Origin of our words vohime and style? v. 198. 
What ruins enable us to see now, the arrangement and dec- 
orations of Roman towns and houses during the empire? 
V. 201. What were the floors? v. 201. What was on the thres- 
hold? V. 201. What were the Lares and Penates? ^ 



2 The household gods of the Komans. 

XVI. 
Read v. 203 through ch. Learn v. 205-6-13. Where and 
when was the first great lodgement of the Teutons in the 
Roman Empire? v. 207-8-9. On what two occasions 
were Moldavia and Wallachia the cause of war? v. 207; 
also p. 192, V. 166, and Note 10, paper XIII.; also p. 
462, V. 11. Who were the Visigoths and who their king 
when they sacked Rome? Date? v. 210. Learn v. 172, 
p. 194. Who was emperor and who his famous minister 
when Rome was threatened by Alaric? ^ and L. M. p. 
198-p also M. p. 399, 400. Where did this emperor hold 
his court? 2, and L. M , p. 199. Alaric's burial? ^ 

^ Honorius was emperor and StiUcho, his famous general. 
Stilieho called in the legions from the distant provinces, to de- 
fend the capital, and gained a great victory over Alaric. The 
latter soon advanced again towards Rome, and Stilieho, the only 
man capable of saving the empire, having been falsely accused 
and put to death by Honorius, Alaric arrived before the walls of 
Rome, which had not seen a hostile army since the time of Han- 
nibal 600 years before. 

2 At Ravenna, near the Rubicon, a place well protected by 
marshes, where he thought himself and his favorite poultry (to 
which he devoted most of his time) secure from the barbarians. 

^ The Goths turned a river from its course, made a grave 
in the bed of the river and buried him there with all his treas- 
ures, then turned back the waters and slew the slaves who had 
been employed in the work. 



42 AIDS TO HISTOKY. 

What tribes overran the province of Britain soon after the 
Romans left it? v. 211, and p. 226, v. 38-39. Who were 
the Huns, and who was Attila and what called? v. 212 
and '^. What is said of the Battle of Chalons? v. 212. 
The Vandals? V. 211, 213 and 5. Who was their chief when 
they sacked Rome? v. 211, 213. Meaning and origin of 
our word Vandalism? The last emperor of the west and 
first king of Italy? v. 214. Date of the fall of Western 
Empire? v. 214 and p. 194, v. 173. When was the last 
gladiatorial combat in the Coliseum? ^ 



* Attila, called the "Scourge of God," was the leader of the 
Huns, a fierce, savage and warlike tribe who had emigrated from 
Central Asia. 

* The Vandals were a Germanic race, who conquered and 
settled in Southern Spain (called from them Andalusia, and com- 
prising the Moorish kingdoms of Seville, Cordova and Grenada), 
then conquered and settled in Northern Africa. The emperor 
Trajan, and Seneca, the moral philosopher, (tutor of Nero) were 
natives of this province. 

•^ In the reign of Honorius during a gladatorial combat, a 
devout hermit, named Telemachus, hoping to put a stop to these 
cruel exhibitions, leaped into the arena, and holding up a cross, 
threw himself between the two gladiators. The people enraged 
at this interruption, killed him with stones; but he won the vic- 
tory, for the emperor decj eed that these atrocious sports should 
cease. M., p. 339+, or L M., p. 198. 



MEDIAEVAL HISTORY 



I. 

Kead p. 212 to p. 222. What do you understand by 
Medieval History? p. 212, v. 1. What by the Dark 
Ages? V. 2. Learn v. 3, 4, 5, 7, 20, 21, 22. Order of 
migration? v. 6. When do the- Teutons begin to affect the 
course of history? v. 9. Synonymous terms for Teutonic? 
V. 10. Chief Germanic tribes? v. 11. Meaning of Ostro- 
goths and Visigoths? v. 12. Origin of the name of Anda- 
lusia? V. 13. Of France ? v. 14. Why are the low Germans 
of special interest to us? v. 16. Who were the Norsemen? 
V. 17. Chief representative of the Slavonians? v. 18. 
What other nation belongs to this race? v. 18. Who are 
the Magyars? v. 19. Learn classification of languages, p. 
219. How long after the fall of the Western Empire did 
the Eastern exist? v. 24. By what three names is the 
Eastern Empire called? v. 21. During whose reign was it 
in the height of its glory? v. 25. For what two things is 
this emperor especially famous ? v. 25. Who built the 
church of St. Sophia? (See Note 4, ppr. XIV., Eome.) 

II. 

Read v. 26 to 43. Who was Theodoric, and what did 
he do in Italy? v. 27. Condition of Italy in reign of The- 
odoric the Great? v. 28. Behsarius? v. 29 and^. His fate?i 



^ Belisarius was the greatest and ablest of Justinian's sub- 
jects, wlio won for his emperor two kingdoms, then, through jeal- 
ousy, was recalled from the army, and treated in his old age with 
cruelty and ingratitude by the master he had so faithfully served. 
His servants and wealth were taken from him, his eyes put out, 



44 AIDS TO HISTOKY. 

Who were the Exarchs of Ravenna? v. 29. Where is Ra- 
venna? map, p. 167? Who were the Lombards? v. 30. 
Cause of the founding of Venice? ^ The cruelty and rav- 
ages of what nation added to it? v. 30. How was Italy 
divided during the 200 years preceding Charlemagne? v. 31, 
By what nation and under what king was the kingdom of 
France founded? v. 32 and ^ . What was the first Frankish 
dynasty called, and why? v. 34:. Character of the later 
Frankish kings? v. 34-5. Learn v. 35-6-7-9-40-42. The 
second Frankish dynasty? Why so called? v. 37. What 
were the seven chief Saxon kingdoms called? When united 
into one, by what king and under what name? v. 40 and^ 
Who were the Saracens? v. 41. Three other names, mean- 
about the same as Saracen? ^ Who was Mahomet? ^ 



and it is said that he used to beg near the door of a church, say- 
ing, "Give a penn)' to Belisarius, the General." At last Justinian 
became ashamed of this treatment, and restored to the noble old 
man a part of his wealth. 

2 When Attila was devastating Northern Italy (v. 212, p. 210), 
many of the people took refuge in the little islands near the mouth 
of the Po. They built huts, collected such property as they had 
saved, and thus founded Venice. 

* Clovis married a Catholic Christian princess, and. through 
her influence, he, with 3,000 of his followers, was baptized in the 
Cathedral of Kheims, by the Archbishop; and, as there was at that 
time no other Catholic prince (the Greek emperor having fallen 
into heresy), Clovis received the titles of "Eldest Son of the 
Church," and "Most Christian King," which descended to all his 
successors, the kings of France. 

* They were called "The Saxon Heptarchy," and in 827 were 
united into one kingdom, England, under Egbert. Egbert had 
learned the art of war with Charlemagne; so connect this one 
date, 827, with Charlemagne and all people or events near his 
time, remembering that as Egbert learned from Charlemagne, the 
latter must have lived some time before the close of Egbert's con- 
quests. 

^ Mohammedan, Musselman, Moslem. 

^ Mahomet was a religious impostor, who arose in Arabia in 
the early part of the seventh century. He taught a belief in one 
God, wliose prophet he declared himself to be. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 45 

III. 

Read v. 41 to 68. What is the Koran ? v. 43 and i . What 
made of the scattered Arab tribes one great nation? v. 43. 
What is the Hegira? Date? v. 44. Watchword of the 
Saracens? 2 The Mohammedan's Paradise?^ Who were 
the CaHphs? v. 46. Learn note."* One reason of the rapid 
spread of Mohammedanism? notes 3 and 4. What coun- 
tries were first converted to this faith? v. 46. What of the 
famous Alexandrian Library? v. 47 and note 3, ppr. V. 
(Anc.) From where did they cross into Europe? v. 48. Origin 
of the word Gibraltar? v. 48. The last of the Goths? By 
what people defeated? v. 49. What is said of their rapid 
conquest of Spain? v. 49. Learn v. 50-1-2-3-4-6; 
also V. 36, p. 225 and date. Read p. 282, v. 186-7. In 
whose time were the Saracens or Moors of Spain finally 
conquered? p. 299, v. 239. Where is Bagdad? Capital 
of the Spanish Caliphate? v. 55. About how long from 
the Hegira till the defeat of the Saracens by Charles Mar- 
tel? V. 44 and 51. The grandest figure of the Middle Ages? 
V. 57. Peculiarity of the name Charlemagne? ^ Learn v. 
58, 59 and 37. To whom did Charlemagne commit the 

1 The Koran is the Mohammedan Bible. 

2 There is but one God, and Mahomet is his prophet. 

^ Mahomet promised to all those who fell in battle immediate 
admission to the joys of Paradise, which was all that an Arab im- 
agination could paint of sensual felicity— everything to charm the 
senses. Even the humblest of the faithful was to be served by 
seventy- two damsels of immortal youth and dazzling beauty. 

^ The Saracens believed in absolute predestination, which 
taught that the hour of death is determined beforehand. This, 
of course, made them indiffei ent to danger, and willing to go to 
war. 

* It is the only name in history in which the Latin word mag- 
nu8, meaning great, is incorporated in the name. 



46 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

care of bis German dominions, and why? v. 64-5 and*^. 
Who was Eoland? His fate? v. 67 and '. 



•^ He placed bishops over his domains in Germany (making 
them equal in temporal power to his dukes), thinking them more 
likely to soften and civilize the fierce heathen than his ambitious 
nobles would be. 

' Eoland was a favorite nephew of Charlemagne. He is said 
to have possessed a marvelous horn, on which no one but himself 
could produce a sound; and it was a blast from this horn, blown 
with his last breath, that made known to Charlemagne the fate of 
his rear guard. Roland was one of the favorite heroes of the 
mediaeval legends. 

IV. 

Bead v. 68 to 96. Learn v. 68-72 3-5 6. What gifts 
were made by Pepin to the Pope, and of what was this the 
beginning? v. 98. Extent of Charlemagne's empire ?i His 
dress? v. 74 and- What division was made of his great 
empire not long after his death ? v. 76. Who was Alcuin ?3 
What historic facts were common to all Europe during the 
Middle Ages ? v. 77. What do you mean by ''Feudal Tenure/'' 
V. 79-80. Learn v. 81-8-6 7-90-94. Name two cases in which 
kings were vassals to other kings ? v. 82 and ^ . What do 
you mean by serfs? v. 84-5. Origin of the word villain? v. 
85. When, how and by whom was Feudahsm introduced 
into England? v. 86. How did Eoyalty undermine 

1 It comprised the modern Kingdoms of France, Germany 
and Italy, and part of Spain, (See v. 69.) 

- His dress was generally very simple. He liked to play his 
fine courtiers a trick by making them follow him through rough 
muddy fields till their fine clothes were ruined, and then show 
them his plain sheepskin garment unhurt. 

^ Alcuin, an English monk, was perhaps the most learned of 
all the learned men invited by Charlemagne to his court, to teach 
himself, his children, his nobles, and his clergy. 

* Edward I. of England as Duke of Guienne was vassal to 
the King of France, and as such was summoned by Phihp to 
answer for offenses committed by his (Edward's) subjects in 
Guienne. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 47 

Feudalism ? V. 91. Meaning of Municipalities? v. 92 and 

Diet. 

V. 

•- 

Bead v. 93 to 107. Two chief things which gave the 
Bishop of Eome great power and influence ? v. 97. How be- 
gan the temporal power of the Popes ? v. 98. Learn notes 
p. 248. Who was Gregory VII? v. 100-101-102. Learn 
V. 102-103-105. Read L. M. (Med.), p. 26 to 29. Origin of 
our word condare.' L. M., p. 27. Whose influence led to 
the celibacy of the clergy? L. M., p. 26. What was in- 
vestiture? V. 102. What is an Interdict^ L. M., p. 79. 
Learn note.i Read v. 107 to 114. What were the Crus- 
ades 9^ Distinction between Saracens and Turks ?3 

i~When Henry IV. of Germany beseigeclKome, Gregory VII. 
took refuge in the strongly fortified Castle St. Angelo (formerly 
the tomb of the emperor Hadrian) which is connected by a covered 
passagewith the Vatican; afterwards he escaped from the city. 

(V. 105.) 

2 The Crusades were Holy Wars, undertaken by the western 
nations of Europe to recover the Holy Land from the Turks, who 
were cruelly oppressing the resident Christians, and also the 
Pilgrims, (v. 108.) 

3 The Saracens were Arabians and Mohammedans, and while 
they (under the Caliphs of Bagdad) held Jerusalem, pilgrims were 
unmolested, but when the Turks, a Tartar tribe (also Moham- 
medans) seized Palestine, their cruelties to Pilgrims aroused. 
Christian Europe. 

VI. 

Read v. 107 to 127. Learn v. 107-9-125 and note ^ . Who 
was "Peter the Hermit," and what led him to preach the 
first Crusade? v. 109-10-11. What symbol did all Crusaders 
wear? v. 113. Who led the vanguard of the first Crusade? 
V. 114-115. Fate of this vanguard ? v. 115-117. Two chief 

' Godfrey de Bouillon took the oath of a sovereign, but 
would not take the title of King, nor wear a crown; saying it was 
not for him to wear a crown of gold where his Lord had worn a 
crown of thorns. 



48 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

leaders of the first Crusade ? v. 116. Who composed the 
Mailed Cavalry? v. 118. Siege of Antioch? v. 120 1-2. With 
how many cavalry did the Crusaders set out, and how 
many were left after the Siege of Antioch? v. 118-122. Their 
first sight of Jerusalem? v. 123. Who possessed Jerusalem 
at that time? V. 124. Kead L. M , p. 51, chapter iv. to p. 58. 
What Norman Duke went on the first Crusade, and how 
did he get means to go ?2 

2 Kobert, Duke of Normandy, in order to go on the Crusades, 
mortgaged his duchy for five years to his brother William II. of 
England. 

VII. 

What two orders of knighthood arose about the time of 
the first Crusade and became the chief bulwarks of the 
Christians in Palestine while the Kingdom of Jerusalem 
lasted? L. M., p. 57-8. Eead v. 127 to 145. About how 
long between the first and second Crusades? v. 127. What 
caused the second Crusade? Who preached it and how was 
the appeal received? v. 128. Result of the first and second 
Crusades ? v. 125-131. What called forth the third Crusade ? 
V. 132-3. Learn v. 133-5-6-7-8 and also seventh and eighth 
Crusades p., 2&4-5. Fate of Frederick Barbarossa. v. 134. 
What happened to Richard on his way from Palestine? 
Note p. 263 and E. H., p. 77, v. 15 to 20. Eead L. M., p. 
61-2-3 about St. Bernard. 

VIII. 

Eead v. 139 to 162. Learn v. 139 to 146. Read Chevalier 
Bayard L. M. p. 30, or Biog. Diet. Eead L. M., p. 38 to 
part v., p. 43. What says Hallam of chivalry? v. 147. 
Learn v. 148-9-155. What were Tournaments ? v. 151. From 
what comes the gentleman of modern days? v. 156. Deriva- 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 49 

tion of our word courtesy H Cause of cessation of literature? 
V. 159 . Bead v. 20, p. 218. Learn v. 159-160. 

^ The castle court was the place where the pages were chiefly 
instructed in chivalry, and such manners as became a true knight 
acquired the name of courtesy. 

IX. 
Bead v. 160 to 189. Learn v. 159 160-162-6-8-180-2-4- 
6-Q. Four eminent for learning in the Dark Ages ? v. 163. 
At what court was Alcuin? Note 3, ppr. IV, How did 
many charters begin in the Dark Ages, and why? v. 164. 
What were palimpsests? N., p. 274. What was the Han- 
seatic League? v. 170-171. Woolen manufactures of 
Flanders? v. 173 andi. Who was the "Royal Wool Mer- 
chant? His wife ? v. 174 and2. Thomas Blanket?^ Chief 
commercial cities of Southern Europe ? v. 175. What led 
to their rapid growth? v. 175. What of the Mediaeval 
universities? p. 281. Who were the "Schoolmen?" The 
two most famous ones? v. 183 and notes ^ and ^. Who 
was Abelard?^ 

^ In Flanders were woven tapestries from cartoons of famous 
artists — Raphael's cartoons (from which were woven tapestries 
for the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican) were found a century after- 
wards in some garret; they were bought by Charles I. of Eng- 
land, repaired, and are now among the greatest treasures of 
Hampton Court Museum. 

2 Edward III. , called the "Royal Wool Merchant," married 
Philippa of Hainan] t, who took over to England many Flemish 
weavers, among others Thomas Blanket; hence our word blanket. 

2 Thomas Aquinas was allied to several royal houses ol 
Europe. When very young he became a Dominican friar, though 
opposed in this by his family. He afterwards taught theology 
at Paris, and crowds thronged to his teachings and preachings. 
He is called the "Angelic Doctor." 

* Duns Scotus was educated at Oxford, became a Franciscan 
monk, and taught at Oxford and afterwards at Paris. In the 
great controversies between T. Aquinas and D. Scotus, the dis- 
ciples of the former called those of the latter dunses, hence our 
word dunce. 

^ Abelard was a very famous French scholastic philosopher. 
When only 22 he opened a school of philosophy near Paris. His 



50 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

love for the beautiful and accomplished Heloise (whose tutor he 
was) and the troubles and misfortunes it brought upon them both, 
are almost universally known. Abelard became a monk, and 
Heloise, a nun, but in death they Avere united and were buried 
side by side. Their remains were several times moved, and at 
last were placed in the famous cemetery of "Pere la Chaise," 
Paris. 

X. 

Read v. 186 to 200. Learn v. 187 (except last 8 lines). 
The 3 most famous collections of the poetry of the middle 
ages? V. 188. Who were the Troubadours? v. 188 and K The 
Minnesnigers? V. 188 and ^ Learn v. 189, 191-2. When 
were works first written in Romance tongues? v. 188. 
Origin of the word romance? i The great art of the middle 
ages?v. 190. What is the Decameron? ^ England's 5 
greatest poets? v. 189 and ^. Who were Petrarch and his 
Laura? ^ Who was Dante and his love? his most famous 



^ The Troubadours were poets and singers belonging chiefly 
to Provence in Southern France, where the language preserved 
much of the Latin, and was very soft and flowing. The Trouba- 
dours (meaning in their tongue, inventors) wandered in great 
numbers into other countries, composing and singing tales of 
love, chivalry, war, etc., which, from being chiefly in the old Ko- 
man tongue, were called Romances. 

^ The Minnesingers were poets and singers in Germany, 
generally of noble descent, and like the Troubadours, sang bal- 
lads of their own composition. They were everywhere welcome, 
in castle and in camp, and were untouched by the numerous ma- 
rauders of those times. 

^ A collection of 100 tales by Boccaccio, a most famous 
Italian novelist of the 14th century. The tales are supposed to 
be told by a party of young nobles and ladies while staying at a 
country villa near Florence, to escape the plague then raging in 
that city. Chaucer and Shakespeare each borrowed ideas from 
the Decameron. Boccaccio was a friend of Petrarch. 

* Shakespeare, Chaucer, Spencer, Milton, Pope. 

^ Petrarch was a very learned Italian poet of the 14th cen- 
tury. He lived some time at Avignon, when the Papal court was 
there, and there first met Laura, the object of his life long admi- 
ration and devotion, who cherished his homage without requiting 
his love. He has immortalized her in some of his famous sonnets, 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 51 

work? V. 189 and ^ Who was the Cid? Over what nation 
often victorious ? How were his family escorted back to 
Christian Spain after his death? L. M. p., 24-5. 
Three Enghsh writers contemporary with Chaucer? ' 
Name 4 famous Gothic Cathedrals. ^ Learn v. 193. 
How did Germany come to be an elective kingdom ? v. 194. 
Who was Henry the Fowler? v. 195. 

6 Dante was Italy's greatest poet; Petrarch, Tasso and 
Ariosto being the only other ones really famous. His love (whom 
he never married) was Beatrice, whom he has immortalized in 
his works. His greatest work, the Divina Commedia, is an epic 
poem, consisting of three parts: Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. 

^ Gower, a poet, Sir John Mandeville, traveler and writer, 
and John Wickliffe, a very learned priest called the "Morning 
Star of the Reformation." 

^ Milan, (on wliich are 4,500 marble statues), Cologne, (be- 
gun over 500 years ago and not yet finished), Strasburg, (which 
has perhaps the most famous clock in the world), and Notre 
Dame, of Paris. 

XI. 

Read v. 193 to 212. Who was Otho the Great? 
What triple coronation did every German Emperor receive 
from this time? v. 196. Learn note 1. Who was Ru- 
dolph of Hapsburg? v. 199 and 2 Who was Hugh Capet? 
v. 201-3-4. Learn v. 202 and ^. What do you mean by the 

^ Conrad III. (see v. 198) besieged Weinsburg, permitting 

the women to leave, and take all they could carry with them. 

His surprise was great as each woman came out with her hus- 

■ band on her back. He admired their fidelity and would allow 

neither them nor their burdens to be molested. 

2 Rudolph, Count of Hapsburg, was one of the bravest, 
ablest and most pious men in Germany. He made his son Albert 
Duke of Austria; and the present Emperor of Austria traces his 
descent from him. Maria Theresa and her daughter Marie An- 
toinette, both belonged to the house of Hapsburg. 

^ Charles promised the Norsemen the province (called from 
them Normandy) on condition that RoUo would become his vas- 
sal, that all should become Christians and protect the rest of 
France from the Northern pirates. They accepted the condi- 
tions, and soon the Norman nation became the best and noblest 



52 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

Norman Conquest? Date? v. 205, 214. Learn v. 206-7. 
Philip's treachery to Richard Coeur de Lion? E. H. p. 78, 
V. 17. Cause of 'Hundred Years War?" v. 208-9. Mo- 
ther of Ed. III. ? E. H. p. 95, V. 55. Famous battles of 
the Hundred Years War during reign of Ed. HI. ? E. H. 
p. 95, V. 56-61. For what are the battles of Crecy and Poi- 
tiers famous? ^ Famous siege in Ed. III.' s reign? What 
act of cruelty did Queen Philippa, prevent ? E. H. p. 96, v. 
57-8. When was Calais lost by the English? ^ 

in France. Hollo the Ganger, or walker (so called because he 
was too tall for any horse to carry him), had to do homage to 
Charles the Simple. He took the oaths of a vassal, but would 
not kneel and kiss the king's foot, but instead appointed one of 
his followers to do it. The latter, instead of stooping to the foot, 
lifted it to his mouth, thus upsetting king and throne. EoUo and 
his followers were so powerful that none dared to avenge the 
insult. 

* Crecy, because cannon were used for the first time, and 
because the Black Prince here began his miUtary career and won 
his spurs when only 16. Poitiers, because the Black Prince took 
prisoner King John of France, whom he treated with the great- 
est courtesy, refusing to sit in his presence, and serving him at 
table. When they entered London, the Black Prince rode on a 
small black pony, while his royal prisoner rode on a magnificent 
white charger, richly caparisoned. 

* Calais was lost in reign of Mary Tudor, who grieved so at 
the loss that she declared the word Calais would be found written 
on her heart after her death. 

XII. 

Condition of France when Henry V. resolved to attack 
it? Battle of Agincourt? E. H., p. 100, v. 6. Who were 
kings of England and France when Joan of Arc became 
famous? Her fate? E. H., p. 112, v. 10, 11, 12. Eead 
V. 212 through 239. Learn note 4, paper II. What na- 
tion greatly troubled Egbert and his successors? v. 213. 
The first Danish king of England? v. 213. Learn v. 
214-15. Near what time was the first crusade? v. 214- 
317, and note 2, ppr. XI. First and last of Plantagenet 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 53 

line? V. 218. When did the English lose Normandy? v. 
207 and 219. The two great steps toward freedom in En- 
gland? V. 220-221. Date of the first? v. 220. Name in order 
the lines or houses of EngUsh kings (not the kings), v. 216- 
218-223-225. What were the "Wars of the Koses?" Con- 
tending houses? V. 224. Learn note 1, paper 1 (Mod.) 
What were the wars between the Guelphs and Ghibelhnes? 
Which party did each of the two factions favor? v. 227 
and 1. The circumstances that led to these troubles? p. 
249, V. 99. Name five places of interest in Venice. ^ Five 
in Florence. ^ What said Michael Angelo of the doors of 
the Baptistry? 3 Name four artists of Venetian school. 
When did they flourish? ^ Who were the De Medici? The 
most famous of them, and what did he do for Florence? v. 
235. What famous pope was of this family? What fa- 
mous church did he complete, and how did he raise much 
of the money for it? ^ When was Spain won by the Sar- 
acens? V. 237. About when and by whom were they 
driven from Spain? v. 239. Who was with the court at 
this time, and for what purpose? v. 239. 

1 They were contests between the civil and spiritual powers, 
which began in the eleventh century and disturbed Italy for about 
300 years. 

2 Doge's or Ducal Palace, Bridge of Sighs, the Kialto, St. 
Mark's Square and St. Mark's Church. 

3 Pitti Palace, Uffizi Gallery, Cathedral, Bell Tower and 
Baptistry. The latter has two bronze doors on which the sculp- 
tor Ghiberti spent forty years, and which Michael Angelo said 
were "worthy to be the gates of Paradise. " 

* Titian, Gorgione, Paul Veronese, and Tintoretto, all flour- 
ished in the sixteenth century. 

5 The handsome, literary but irreligious son of Lorenzo be- 
came Pope Leo X. He finished St. Peter's, Rome, procuring 
much money for it by authorizing the sale of "Bulls of Indulg- 
ence" which promised freedom from all penance, and instant ad- 
mission to Paradise without pains of Purgatory. 



MODERN HISTORY, 



I. 

Bead carefully p. 305 through ch. 1. What events mark 
transition from medieval to modern history? v. 2, 8. To 
what was Eastern Empire reduced before its final fall? Its 
last emperor? v. 4, 5, 6. What nation led in maritime 
discovery? v. 9. Prince Henry's great desire? v. 9. What 
led to the discovery of America? v. 12, 13, 14. England's 
share in maritime discoveries? In whose reign? v. 17. 
Learn v. 19. Earliest printed book? p. 313, note. First 
book printed in England? by whom? in whose reign? p. 
314, note, and Eng. Hist., p. 118, v. 27. Who were among 
England's last Feudal barons? v. 23 and ^ Read Eng. 
Hist., p. 114, V. 16 to 25. Why was gunpowder so destruc- 
tive to feudalism? v. 24. Effect of standing armies? v. 28. 
What is meant by the Balance of Power, and the States' 
System of Europe? v. 31. During most of the sixteenth 
century, what was the greatest power in Europe? v. 32. 
Two most important States of Spain? What marriage 
united them? About when? v. 32. Famous grandson of 
Ferdinand and Isabella? v. 32. 



1 The vassals of Kichard Neville, Earl of Warwick, formed a 
vast army. When he favored the Yorkists, during the "wars of 
the Koses, " the Lancastrians were driven from the throne; aud 
when he deserted the cause of Edward and joined the Lancastri- 
ans, Henry was taken from the tower and again became king; 
hence Warwick was called the "king-maker. " He is said to have 
fed daily at his various castles more than 30,000 persons. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 55 

II. 

Eead v. 32 to 46. Famous daughter of Ferdinand and 
Isabella? ^ Dominion of Charles V before he was elected 
emperor? v. 33. Learn v. 34-35. Who were the Albigen- 
ses? V. 36. What Pope used severe measures to extermi- 
nate them? ^ What was the Inquisition? ^ Name three 
in fourteenth and fifteenth centuries who preached against 
the corruptions of the church, v. 36 and ^ What was 
Wickliffe called? Of what nation was he? His followers?* 
What was the flame that kindled the Reformation? What 
were indulgences? who was the agent for the sale of them? 
and what did Luther write against them? v. 38-9-41. 
When Leo X. condemned Luther's writings as heretical, 
what did Luther dare to do? v. 40. What do you under- 
stand by the Diet of Worms? Why and by whom sum- 
moned? V. 42. What said Luther when urged not to go 
there? ^ What did Tetzel promise to those who bought 

^ Katharine of Aragon, who married, first, Arthur, eldest son 
of Henry VII of England. After his death she married her 
brother-in-law, Henry, afterwards Henry VIII, and became the 
mother of Mary Tudor, often called "Bloody Mary." 

2 Innocent III, in thirteenth century, was the first Pope to 
stain the church with persecutions. He established a body of 
clergy, chiefly Dominicans, to seek out all suspected of heresy, 
to try and convince them, and, if they were obstinate, to have 
them put to torture and death. This tribunal was called the In- 
quisition, and was introduced into Spain officially in the time of 
Ferdinand and Isabella. Eead L. M. (Med.), pp". 200, 201. 

^ John Huss and his friend, Jerome of Prague, accepted the 
doctrines taught by Wickliffe (whose writings had been carried to 
Bohemia), and proceeded to preach them, adding more of their 
own. Both were tried and burnt as heretics. 

* Wickliffe was an Enghsh priest, and was called the "Morn- 
ing Star of the Kef ormation , " because he first began to preach 
and write against the corruptions of the church. His followers 
were called Lollards, and many were persecuted and burnt as 
heretics. 

^ "I would go, were there as many devils as there are tiles on 
the roof." 



56 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

indulgences? ^ Read L. M., pp. 24-5-7-8. What book 
did Henry VIII. write, to whom dedicate it, and what title 
did he receive for it? v. 58 and ". Object of the wars 
caused by the rivalry of Charles V. and Francis I. ? v. 45. 
What monarchs met at the "Field of the Cloth of Gold," 
and who arranged the gorgeous display? E. H., p. 131, v. 
14, 15. 



" He promised to those who bought them for deceased friends 
that, as soon as the money tinkled in the chest, their souls should 
fly from purgatory to heaven. « 

^ Henry dedicated his book to Pope Leo X. , who rewarded 
him with the title of "Defender of the Faith" — a title ever since 
borne by England's sovereigns. 



III. 

Readv. 45 to 76. Result to Francis I. of battle of Pavia? 
his hostages? v. 46, 47 and i. Some of the church reforms 
desired at the Council of Trent? 2 Was it a true Council of 
the whole Church? its numbers as compared with the 
Nicene Council ?2 Who was Henry II. of France? v. 50 



^ As Francis landed on the French side of the boundary 
stream between France and Spain, he waved his sword and 
shouted "I am yet a king. " 

2 That the communion in both kinds should be granted to 
the laity, (the Koman church allows only the wafer to be given 
to the laity, the priests alone receiving in both kinds) that the 
clergy should be allowed to marry, that the Psalms and liturgy 
should be read in the vernacular tongue, and that the authority 
of the Popes should be subordinate to that of a General Council. 
None of these reforms were decreed. 

3 In the infancy of the Church, the Creed of Nicea was 
signed by 318 bishops in Council, from all parts of the Christian 
world, and it has since been received by the entire Church, East 
and West; while at the Council of Trent, in the 16th century, 
only 255 bishops signed its decrees, and these came from only 
four European nations. It was no true Ecumenical Council, and 
has never been recognized by the Anglican or the Greek 
Church. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 57 

and 4. Learn V. 53-5 (andnotel,ppr.II.),7-9-60-61-4-5-6.8. 
Henry's measures in regard to Monasteries, chantries, etc., 
and their revenues? v. 67. Meaning of Chantries? "^ Learn 
5 and 6. What two kingdoms were formerly called the 
Netherlands? v. 72. What aroused Philip against the 
Netherlanders? v. 73-4. What measure did he take that 
drove them to revolt? v. 75. 



* He was father of Francis II. (husband of Mary, Queen of 
Scots) and husband of the infamous Catherine de Medicis, the in- 
stigator of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. See p. 337, v. 91 
and 92. 

5 "Born of a butcher, but by bishops bred. 

How high his highness holds his haughty head." 
(Said of Cardinal Woolsey). 

'^ The Archbishop mentioned in v. 61, was Thomas Cranmer, 
one of the chief leaders of the Keformation in England. He 
compiled the Prayer Book in the reign of Edward VI., was one 
of the many victims of the persecutions in Bloody Mary's reign, 
and was burnt as a heretic. Having been induced in a moment 
of weakness to sign a recantation, he afterwards expressed the 
deepest contrition, and when led to the stake, he thrust his right 
hand into the fire, exclaiming, "This hand has offended," and 
held it there till it was consumed. 

^ Chantries were endowed chapels, in which priests prayed 
and sang masses for the souls of the donors. 

IV. 

Bead p. 72 to 98. Who was the first President of the 
Dutch RepuhHc? v. 76-78. His fate? 79. How was the 
town of Leyden saved? v. 77 and L. M., p. 107. What 
famous queen aided the Dutch? What gallant courtier 
was killed at Zutphen? His last words? What did Eliza- 
beth call him, and what did she say when she heard of his 
death? v. 79 and ^ Read carefully note, p. 334. Learn 

^ Elizabeth called Sir PhiUp Sidney the Jewel of her domin- 
ions. He was a most accomplished scholar and writer, and a 
knightly gentleman. To him might well be applied Chaucer's 
description of a Knight, "He was a very parfit, true and gentil 
Knight." When Ehzabeth heard of his death, she exclaimed, "I 



58 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

last half of it and ^^ also note bottom'of p. 340, also v. 83-7- 
91-3-5 (and note) and 97. Who was Eegent of France 
during the minority of Charles IX. ? p. 334 note. Read 
L. M. p. 113 to 117. With whom ended the house of 
Valois, and what line then began ? v. 93-4-5. Famous 
Minister of Henry IV.? v. 96. What was the Edict of 
Nantes? v. 95 and note. What family was very powerful 
during the reign of Francis II.? v. 85 and note p. 334. Who 
took up arms against them? v. 85. Learn ^ and ^. 

would rather lose the half of my Kingdom, than my Sidney." 
While dying on the battle field, water was brought to him to re- 
lieve his thirst; but seeing a wounded soldier look longingly at 
the bottle, he ordered it to be given to him saying, "Friend, thy 
necessities are greater than mine." 

2 Catherine was told by a fortune teller that her three sons 
should be kings. The prediction was fulfilled, though not as she 
expected; for all three, Francis II., Charles IX., and Henry III., 
were successively kings of France, all dying young. Charles 
and Henry were suitors to Queen Bess. 

^ Admiral Cohgni was the chief leader of tha Huguenots 
under Henry of Bourbon, and a very noble minded old man. 
"When he came to Paris with Henry, Charles IX. became attached 
to him, which was very displeasing to the wicked Catherine. 
She therefore persuaded Charles that Coligni was the head of a 
conspiracy against him, and forced him to consent to Coligni's 
death. The murderers entered his room at night, killed him and 
threw his corpse out of the window, that the Duke de Guise who 
was waiting below, might know that the bloody deed was done. 

* Ehzabeth and her Court received the news of the massacre 
of St. Bartholomew in mourning, but the Papal Court, with great 
rejoicing. The Pope ordered services of thanksgiving to be 
chanted, and medals to be struck off in commemoration of it as i^ 
for a great victory. 

V. 

Read v. 98 to p. 347. Learn v. 98 and notes on pp. 339- 
340-341 and -\ also v. 100-101-102. When Mary of Scot- 

^ Lady Jane Grey, the "Nine Days Queen," was very remark- 
able for her learning. When only fifteen, she wrote Latin and 
Greek, and could speak fluently Italian, French and Spanish. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 59 

land was driven from her throne, who was made king of 
Scotland? and in whose hands did Mary place herself? the 
result? V. 103-4-5. Learn 3. Whose daughter was "Queen 
Bess?" V. 99-61. What was the "Invincible Armada"? Sent 
by whom, against whom? Its fate? The effect of its 
destruction? v. 107-108 and 'K Learn v. 113-114-115. 
What was Elizabeth's constant object? v. 116. Name some 
of the writers who made the reign of EHzabeth the most 
famous in all EngHsh history, for literature?* Some who 
made it famous in maritime enterprise ?5 Ealeigh's famous 
work? His fate? p. 848. Sir Philip Sidney's best works? 
p. 348. Spenser's chief work? p. 847. 

She received the news of her elevation to the throne with sorrow, 
and consented to accept it, only when compelled to by her father- 
in-law- The darkest stain on the reign of Mary Tudor, (often 
called "Bloody Mary") is the execution of this gifted and inno- 
cent girl. 

2 The "Invincible Armada," was an immense fleet, sent by 
Philip II. of Spain against Queen Ehzabeth. It was blest by the 
Pope, who was confident that with this fleet Philip would crush 
the "Island Queen," and sweep heresy from the face of the earth. 
Every part of Philip's vast empire was called upon to aid in this 
great enterprise, and afl Europe felt sure that England would be 
overwhelmed. Still Elizabeth was not dismayed. She rode on 
horseback through her camps, and declared that she herself 
would lead the army against the enemy, and would rather perish 
in battle than survive the ruin of her people. The destruction of 
the fleet was terrible. Scarcely was there a family in Spam that 
had not lost one member. Her leadership of Europe was ended, 
and her slow decay began. 

3 Mary of Scotland, had, when Queen of France, given great 
offense to Elizabeth, by assuming with Francis II., the arms and 
titles of King and Queen of England, and by quartering these 
arms on all their equipages, etc., so Elizabeth plainly saw that 
they intended to dispute her title to the crown. 

* Shakespeare, Spenser, Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Francis 
Bacon and Ben Johnson. 

6 Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter Kaleigh, Martin Frobisher, 
and Sir John Hawkins. 



60 AIDS TO HISTORY. 



VI. 



Eead p. 347 to 350. Learn Michael Angelo, p. 347 and 
note 1 . Learn Kaphael, p. 347 and note ^ ; also, note ^ , 
Name the artists mentioned p. 347. Who was Cervantes? 
His famous work? p 348. Who were Tasso and Arios, to 
p. 349. Learn Galileo, p. 349 and note *. Who were 
Tycho-Brahe and Copernicus? p. 349. Read v. 117 to 
139. Learn v. 117 (and note), 118-121, and note s. In 
whose reign was the ''Long Parliament"? Why so 
called? V. 125. What two of Charles' advisers were im- 
peached by this parliament, and afterwards brought to the 
block? V. 125 and note *^. Learn note ^. What war and 

^ His greatest frescoes are the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, 
in the Vatican, and "The Last Day of Judgment," on one end of 
the same chapel. 

^ Kaphael's masterpiece, and the world's masterpiece of 
painting, is "The Transfiguration," in the Vatican, and his "Sistine 
Madonna," in Dresden, is considered the most wonderful repre- 
sentation of the subject in the world. 

3 Leonardo da Vinci (a contemporary of Michael Angelo and 
Kaphael) was architect, engineer, sculptor, painter, inventor and 
poet — "the miracle of that age of miracles." His masterpiece in 
painting is " The Last Supper, " in the refectory of a convent in 
IVCilan. When Napoleon held Milan he stabled his horses in this 
convent, and, for convenience, cut a door through the lower part 
of this grand picture. 

* Galileo was imprisoned by the Inquisition. While in 
prison, and blind, he was visited by the poet Milton, Cromwell's 
foreign secretary. Kead John Milton, p. 388. 

^ In James' reign occurred the famous "Gunpowder Plot," a 
conspiracy planned by the Koman CathoHcs to destroy the king 
and both houses of Parliament, but which was discovered just in 
time to prevent its execution. In this reign also. Sir Walter Raleigh 
was imprisoned, and finally put to death— an act reflecting last- 
ing disgrace upon James. 

^ Religious agitation was an important element in the troubles 
of the times. The great movement in the preceding century, 
called the Reformation, had left the people divided: there were 
Churchmen, Dissenters, and Papists, all acting in the spirit of 
intolerance wiiich characterized the age. Archbishop Laud, as a 
consistent Churchman, opposed the Puritan assaults upon the 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 61 

between what parties in the reign of Charles I. ? v. 128-9. 

Learn v. 129 and note. Which set of Puritans was most 

hostile to monarchy and church ?«. Which party was 

generally successful at first? After what battle did the 

tables turn? v. 130. Through whose skill was this battle 

won?9. 

Church, and endeavored to maintain the lawful ritual. His 
accusers proved not a single charge against him. Strafford was 
hated by the Puritans because they felt that he had deserted their 
cause, he having been chosen by the king from their party and 
made his chief minister. He was the first to be executed, and on 
his way to the block stopped under the window of Laud's prison 
to receive his blessing. The archbishop raised his hand to pro- 
nounce it, but grief choked his utterance, and he fell senseless. 

^ Charles had the misfortune to rule at a time when the 
nation had outgrown its dependence upon kings and nobles. 
With the increase of intelligence, "the divinity that doth hedge 
a king" diminished. Neither James nor Charles perceived the 
change that was going on, and they attempted to exercise the 
arbitrary power that their predecessors had done. 

8 The Independents, who advocated the entire abolition of 
the monarchy, and even of the aristocracy, and the establishment 
of a republic. They also held that every congregation formed a 
church by itself, independent of all general assemblies, having a 
right to elect its own pastor and make rules for its own govern- 
ment. 

" Marston Moor was gained by the Koundheads, chiefly 
through the skill of Oliver Cromwell. 

VII. 

Read V. 131 to 152. Learn v. 133-4 and i, 143-4. Fate of 

Charles I? v. 136 and 2. What do you understand by the 

1 The fifty members left in the House of Commons (after the 
300 whom Cromwell feared would not vote for the death of 
Charles had been driven out, and many of them imprisoned by 
Pride and his soldiers), with about forty others chosen by the 
Cromwellians, composed the infamous: ' ' High Court of Justice " 
that condemned Charles. It was no parliament, it was not the 
voice of the people. The disgraceful levity of this Court cul- 
minated when Cromwell and another member amused the crowd, 
by inking each other's faces with the pen with which they were 
signing away the life of their king. 

2 Lest the people should interfere to prevent Charles' execu- 
tion, a covered way was erected between Whitehall and the scaf- 



62 AIDS TO HISTORY, 

Commonwealth? When begin and end? v. 138 and 3. What 
famous war ended the same year as the Commonwealth 
began? v. 160. Whom did Scotland proclaim king after 
the death of Charles I? In what battle did Cromwell de- 
feat him? V. 139. How did Cromwell get a ParHament en- 
tirely subservient to his views? v. 140 and ■*. W^hat was it 
called and why? Names of some of its members? v. 140- 
141 and ^. What title did it confer on Cromwell? v. 141. 
What did he say to the artist who painted him? v. 145. 
His last days? Note ^. Learn v. 146-150-151. By what 
term is the return and accession of Charles II. known in 
history? 146-7. 

fold, and the scaffold was so surrounded with Cromwell's soldiers 
that the king's voice could be heard only by them; but when he 
appeared, the multitude broke out into sobs and groans, women 
faulted, and men wrung their hands in helpless despair, says Eve- 
lyn. All London was in mourning, save the fanatical soldiers who 
went about preaching on the duty of exterminating tyrants. 

3 It lasted twelve years, from 1648 to 1660 (the date of the 
" Eestoration "). 

* When, at Cromwell's signal, his 300 soldiers entered the 
Parliament House, he began to load the members with vio- 
lent reproaches, calling them drunkards and gluttons and worse. 
Never had Charles performed any act approaching this in des- 
potic power. Cromwell and his followers inflicted upon England 
a more absolute despotism than any king ever attempted. 

^"Barebones Parliament" was not a parliament, it was 
merely an assembly of Cromwell's most fanatical adherents, 
chosen by him. After a short session, not finding all as obse- 
quious as he wished, part of them were ejected; the rest bes- 
towed upon Cromwell the title of " His Highness, the Lord Pro- 
tector," and resigned their power into his hands. The name of 
one member was "Praise God Barebones," another, "Through 
much Tribulation we enter into the Kingdom of Heaven Jones," 
another, "Fight the good fight of Faith White," and another, 
"Kill Sin Pimple." 

^ He never moved a step without strong body guards, _ wore 
armour under his clothes, and always carried pistols, being in 
constant fear of assassination. He never returned from a place 
by the same road by which he went to it, nor slept above three 
nights in succession in the same chamber. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 63 

VIII. 

Kead v. 151 to 166. Learn Notes i and 2. What year 
is known as the "Year of Horrors?"^ By whom was 
Charles II. succeeded; his great desire? v. 153. His second 
wife?^ When disgusted with the rule of James II., for 
whom did the English send to deliver the nation ? v. 153-4. 
His relationship to James II? v. 153. What is known as 
"The Glorious Eevolution of 1688?" v. 155-6. Its benefits 
to England? v. 156. Relate the story of "Est il Possible?"^ 
Who was the Pretender? The young Pretender? ^ Who 
were the Jacobites? ^ and v. 242. In whose reign, and 



^ The Stuarts were great patrons of art and learning. Charles 
I. invited to his Court the two most famous artists of the "Flem- 
ish School, " Eubens and Vandyck, who painted the royal family 
and many others. When, after the death of Charles I., his great 
collection of works of art was sold, it took eighteen mules to 
carry to Madrid those bought by Philip IV., of Spain. Among 
them was a Holy Family, by Eaphael, on seeing which, Philip 
exclaimed, "This is my Pearl," and by this name, this famous 
picture is still known . 

2 The celebrated architect. Sir Christopher Wren, rebuilt St. 
Paul's and several other of the finest churches in London, after 
the "Great Fire," in reign of Charles II. Inigo Jones was another 
famous architect at this time. 

8 The year 1666, in reign of Charles II., on account of the 
"Great Plague" and the "Great Fire." The former destroyed, in 
London, 100,000 persons. The fire raged three days and nights, 
and destroyed 13,000 houses. 

* James II. 's second wife was Mary of Modena, often called 
the " Queen of Tears. " 

^ James II. 's daughter Anne, married Prince George of Den- 
mark, who, when couriers kept arriving with accounts of deser- 
tions from James to William, his son-in-law (see v. 153-4), ex- 
claimed, at each fresh desertion, "Est il possible" (is it possible). 
When Prince George himself deserted, James exclaimed, "What, 
Est il Possible, gone too." 

^ The "Pretender" was James, the son of James II. He was 
proclaimed in Scotland, under the title of James VIII. The 
"Young Pretender," was Charles Edward, the son of the Pre- 
tender. 

^ The adherents of the Stuarts. 



64 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

what battle closed the long struggle of the Stuarts to re- 
gain their throne? ^ Who succeeded William III? What 
was the period of her reign called and why? Some writ- 
ers who made this period famous? Whom did Anne 
marry? E. H., p. 205, v. 100-106. Learn v. 160. Condi- 
tion of Germany when Charles V. abdicated? v. 161. What 
was the determination of the Emperor Ferdinand II. ? His 
great general? v. 164. What famous hero came against 
them? V. 164-6. His character, and his reason for joining 
in the war? v. 165. 



^ In the reign of George II., the battle of Culloden (the last 
fought on English soil) in which the "Young Pretender" (see note 
6) was entirely defeated. The most dreadful atrocities were com- 
mitted by the victorious party after the battle. Soldiers went 
over the battle field and butchered the wounded and dying. The 
fugitives were hunted down, and fifty miles of country laid waste 
with fire and sword, so that neither house, nor cottage, nor beast 
was to be seen. 

IX. 

Eead v. 166 to 182. Why did the Swedes despair of their 
cause when Gustavus was killed? v. 168-5. To whom was 
entrusted the management of the war? v. 168. Eead L. M., 
p. 164 to 170. Of what king was Eichelieu Prime Minis- 
ter? V. 176-7. Who succeeded him in power and position? 
V. 171-184. Of what King was he Prime Minister till his 
death? v. 182-7. During the latter part of the "Thirty 
Years' War" who led the French armies? v. 172. What 
treaty closed the war? Give the date? v 172. Learn v. 173- 
4. What is the war (referred to in v. 174) that two cen- 
turies after the "Thirty Years' War," restored unity and 
strength to the German Empire. ^ Eead in L. M., p. 205- 

^ The Franco -Prussian war in 1870, when William I., of 
Prussia, became Emperor of Germany (its present Emperor — 
1886), and when Napoleon III. was defeated and driven from the 
French throne. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 65 

6-7 about Christina. About when was the "Thirty Years' 
War?" 2 Difference in purpose between Gustavus and 
Eicheheu in entering on this war? v. 165-6. Condition of 
France under Henry IV., how changed under Louis XIII? 
Who was the latter's queen-mother? v. 175 and s. How long 
did Eicheheu control the King, and what did he say of 
him? V. 176. Richeheu's chief domestic object? v. 178. 
The stronghold of the Huguenots? v. 178. Learn v 179.. 

2 It closed in 1648, the year the "Commonwealth" began; 
therefore, it was during the first half of the seventeenth centary. 

3 Henry IV. divorced Margaret of Valois, the daughter of 
Catharine de Medicis, and married Marie de Medicis, who became 
the mother of Louis XIII. . and of Henrietta Maria, wife of 
Charles I., of England. 

X. 

Read v. 180 to 209. Learn v. 181-2-4-7. State of the 
Treasury under Eicheheu and Mazarin? i What was the 
Fronde? v. 186 and 2. Who was Vauban? v. 189. To whom 
did the Hollanders appeal for aid v/hen' Louis made war 
against them? v. 189-190-191 and ^. How were the French 
defeated? v. 193. What was the "Edict of Nantes;" by 
whom granted, by whom revoked, through whose influ- 
ence? p. 338, V. 95 and note, also v. 198 and K Result 



' Kichelieu left a well filled treasury. Mazarin soon emptied 
it, and, at his death, left a fortune of $40,000,000. 

2 Great sums were re(iuircd to meet the expenses of the ex- 
travagant court, and the war in Germany. Tiie queen-mother 
(Anne of Austria) and Cardinal Mazarin,* raised these sums bv 
levying taxes without regard to the rights of the people or the 
will of the Padiament. This was the direct cause of the civil 
war waged by the Fronde. 

3 Orange was, until the death of William III, an independent 
principality (less than twelve miles square), in southeastern 
France. Since that time it belongs to France. 

* Through the influence of Madame de Maintenon. Her 
career was a strange and wonderful one. She was born in a 



66 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

of theRevocatioD?v. 198. Leariav. 199-201-202. Whom did 
the Duke of Marlborough marry? her influence over Queen 
Anne? ^ Cause and result of the "War of the Spanish 
Succession?" v. 201-2-3. Marlborough's most famous vic- 
tories? V. 203; Learn Note ^. Why did Philip of Anjou 
finally come to the Spanish throne? v. 204. Of what line 
was he the first? v. 204. Louis' domestic sorrows? v. 203 
and '. What have some called the period of Louis XIV.? 
V. 205. Learn Note K 



prison. During a voyage to America, when a cliild, she was once 
supposed to be dead, and was about to be buried in tiie sea, wlien 
her mother, liissing her. found her still ahve. When sixteen, she 
married the witty, but deformed and coarse poet, Scarron. After 
his deatli she became governess to the children of Madame de 
Montespan, and there met Louis XIV. He shunned her at first 
as being too learned and pious, but at last became attracted by 
her superiority, and her influence over him was always for good. 
His wife was less neglected and more happy than she had ever 
been, but did not live long. After her death, Louis secretly mar- 
ried the widow Scarron, upom whom he had bestowed the title 
of Madame de Maintenon. 

'" Marlborough; when John Churchill, married the beautiful 
Sarah Jennings, an intimate friend and favorite of Queen Anne, 
over whom she had such influence, that she and her husband 
(Marlborough) were said to be virtually England's sovereigns. 
She was often called "Queen Sarah." 

« A magnificent feudal castle was given to Marlborough, 
which he named "Blenheim Castle," in honor of his great victory. 
He and "Queen Sarah" modernized it, to the great disgust of the 
ancient nobility. 

^ The elder of Louis' two grandsons, the Duke of Burgundy, 
had, for tutor, the famous and exceUent Fenelon, Archbishop of 
Cambray, who wrote (for the instruction of his pupil), Telemaque, 
hoping it might help to malvc him abetter king than Louis XIV. 
He gave promise of being a most excellent sovereign, but died 
before the throne was vacant. 

^ Louis XIV. built, about ten miles from Paris, the palace of 
Versailles (which cost nearly $200,000,000), and filled it with 
works of art. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 67 

XI. 

Read v. 206 to 222. The manners of the age of Louis 
Quatorze? v. 206. What was under all its polish and bril- 
liancy? V. 207. Louis' favorite saying in regard to himself? 
V. 207. What said Bolingbroke of him? v. 208. For last 
years of Louis, read L. M., p. 276-7. Change in philo- 
sophy in seventeenth century? v. 209-10. What is the new 
philosophy often called, and why? v. 210 and p. 387. From 
whose time and for how long had the Deductive System held 
sway? V. 210 and p. 125, v. 141. Who was Descartes? 
v. 211. Who were Galileo, Kepler, Newton? v. 213-214; 
also p. 349 and 387. What is said of Harvey? v. 215. 
Learn v. 217 and ^ and -. Name four famous among the 
clergy of the age of Louis XIV.? v. 218. Pascal? v. 218 
and 3. Who is called the "Modern ^Esop," and why? v. 
218. Who was Murillo? v. 221, also p. 388. Sir Francis 
Bacon?' v. 210 and. p. 387. Learn v. 220, also read 
about these artists, p. 388. 



^ Madame de Sevigne must be mentioned among the famous 
ones of the age of Louis XIV. She is celebrated for her wit and 
beauty, and her great love for her daughter, but, more than all, 
as being the most brilliant of letter writers. 

2 Madame de Maintenon (see note 4, ppr. X) established at St. 
Cyr a school for the orphan daughters of the nobles, and, at her 
request, Kacine wrote his tragedies of Esther and Athalie, as 
most of the French plays at that time were unfit to put into the 
hands of her pupils. 

^ Pascal, before twelve years of age, worked out propositions 
of Euclid, though he had never heard his name, and never been 
taught geometry. He was a man of marvellous talent and made 
many scientific discoveries; but, when twenty-five, he began to 
devote himself entirely to religion. So holy was his life, that his 
example was said to be worth a hundred sermons. 



68 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

XII. 

Bead v. 222 to 247. The character of Hndibras? its 
author? v. 219 and p. 389. Name six EngHsh writers of 
seventeenth century, pp. 388-9. Learn Milton, p. 388, 
and note 4, paper VI.; Bunyan, p. 389. Who wrote Telc- 
maque, and for whom? Note 7, paper X. Whose reign 
begins, and whose ends, the Stuart hne? v. 117 and 232. 
Learn v. 233-6-8-9-240. What was Queen Anoe's time 
called, and why? i Who was the "Pretender," and what 
were his supporters called? v. 241-2. Who was Sir Rob- 
ert Walpole, and by what means did he so long hold the 
position of Premier? v. 245. Cause of the "War of the 
Austrian Succession?" Which side did England take? 
note 2, p. 394. What of the battle of Dettingen? ^ With 
what shout did the Hungarian nobles respond to Maria 
Teresa's appeal for aid? L. M., p. 822-3. Character of 
the court of Maria Theresa? her home life? L. M., p. 
345. 



^ The "Augustan Age of England," because it waste England 
in its famous writers, what the the time of Augustus was to Rome. 
See p. 188, v. 157-8. 

* It was gained by EngHsh troops for Maria Theresa— George 
II. and his son both fighting in it. It is the last battle in which an 
English sovereign commanded an array in person. 

XIII. 

Read v. 247 to 270. Who was the "Great Commoner?" 
V. 217. Learn V. 248-251-2-5-8. Trial of Warren Hast- 
ings?! Frederick the Great? L. M., p. 316-317-329-330. 

^ Hastings was connected with the East India Company, and 
was charged with obtaining unjustly the large remittances ex- 
pected by the company. His trial is one of the most memorable 
mentioned in history; it lasted seven years, and resulted in his 
acquittal. Burke, Sheridan, Fox, and other men of brilliant tal- 
ents, were engaged in it. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 69 

His treatment from his father, his favorite sister, rehgion? 
With what French infidel intimate? From whom did Fred- 
erick the Great sieze Silesia? v. 259. Cause of Seven 
Years' War? v. 261, p. 398? Result? v. 261, p. 399. 
Learn V. 262-9. Frederick's fixed ohject? v. 263. Who was 
the first Czar to give Russia a place in the States' System 
of Europe? v. 266. Why was Russia so behind other Eu- 
ropean States in civilization? v. 265. With what Enghsh 
king was Peter contemporary? What gifts did they ex- 
change? L. M., 280-281. 

XIV. 
Read v. 270 to 286. Learn v. 270-272-4-9-283-4. What 
said Peter when he received news of the first defeat of his 
forces by Charles XII? v. 273. What strategy did Peter 
adopt to prevent Charles XII reaching Moscow? v. 275. 
Where did Charles meet his great defeat? v. 276. Result 
to his army? v. 276. What is Charles called? note, p. 406. 
Result to Russia of her wars with Charles XII? v. 278. 
What says Voltaire of Peter the Great? v. 280. Read L. 
M., pp. 282 to 295. Peter's wife? L. M., p. 285. Name 
four empresses of Russia, v. 281. Learn note K 

' Empress Anne built an ice-palace, and shut up in it, all one 
night, a noble who had deserted the Greek for the Eoman Church. 

XV. 

Read v. 286 to 316. What said Louis XV to his cour- 
tiers on his death-bed? v. 286. Condition of France under 
him? his favorites? v. 287-9, and note 4, and L. M., pp. 
327-363-4. Learn v. 288-299. Who was Neckar? v. 291 
and 1 . On what class fell the burden of taxation? v. 292. 

1 Neckar was the father of Madame De Stael, one of the most 
brilliant and gifted women of France. She lived at Coppet, on 
Lake Geneva. Napoleon hated and feared her, and banished her 
from France. 



70 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

What was "The Assembly of the Notables? v. 294. What 
was a "States' General?" in whose time last called? v. 295 
and 2. What was the "Tiers Etat," and what were the 
other two classes? v. 297 and note, p. 413. Who formed 
the National Assembly? v. 297-8. What was theBastile? 
V. 301-2. What was done by the mob after they took it? 
V. 302. To what reform did the nobles agree, hoping to 
pacify the revolutionists? v. 304-5. The respective em- 
blems of the revolutionists and the royalists? v. 306. 
Learn v. 307-8-11-12. What three parties were there in 
France during the revolution? v. 315 and ^. Leaders of the 
Jacobins? v. 315. Why were armies raised by different 
nations to aid the royalists? v. 316. 



2 The States General was not called together during the 
reigns of Louis XIII, XIV, XV, and gradually all the power cen- 
tered in the king, 

^ Constitutionalists, those who adhered to the law and Con- 
stitution; Girondists, or moderate republicans, and tha Jacobins, 
mostly composed of the low, ferocious, blood-thirsty mob, who 
wanted to kill the king and all who could be called aristocrats. 

* AVh'en Louis saw the funeral procession of Madame de Pom- 
padour pass the palace in a heavy rain, his only remark was, "The 
Marchioness has a wet day for journey." 

XVL 

Bead v. 316 to 342. Learn v. 318 and^ and 323. What 
reign followed the imprisonment of the royal family? v. 
319. Meaning of Sans Culotte? ^ Determination of the 
Jacobins or Mountain? v. 321 and note 3, paper XV. Fate 
of Louis XVL? V. 323-4-5-6. Energy and success of the 
Republic against the allies of the royalists? v. 327-334. 

^ To commemorate the fidelity of the Swiss Guards, the fa- 
mous Danish sculptor, Thorwaldsen, cut in the solid rock on Lake 
Lucerne, a lion, dying while guarding the fleur-de-lis. L. M., p. 
380-381. 

2 Sans-culottes means hterally without pantaloons. The or- 
dinary meaning is tatterdemalions — the rabble. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 71 

Derivation of the word guillotine? note, p. 423. What was 
the "Committee of PubHc Safety?" v. 329. Fate of Ma- 
rat and Charlotte Corday? v. 329 and ^. Fate of Dan ton? 
V. 330. Of Robespierre? v. 331-2, and -K Of Louis XVII?' 
What was the government called after the Reign of Terror 
was over till the consulate was established? v. 335 and 363. 
What and who put an end to the French Revolution? v. 
336-7. What position did the Directory confer on the 
young Corsican? v. 340. Whom did he first marry? v. 
340, and '. Whom afterwards, and why? v. 384. One 
great cause of the French Revolution? v. 345-6. Ameri- 
can Ambassador to Louis XVI? *^ Influence of the French 
Revolution? v. 347. What is said of Napoleon's despotism 
in V. 341? 



^ Charlotte Corday, without impartmg her plans, left her 
home and traveled to Paris, thinking to deliver her country by 
killing the hated tyrant, though she knew her own death must 
follow. She was guillotined the next day, her beautiful face glow- 
ing with the inspiration that had prompted the deed. L. M., p. 
385. 

* When Robespierre was killed, the women went to the prison 
windows, pointed to their dresses (robes), then to the stones 
(pierres,), then drew their hands across their throats, to show the 
prisoners that the monster was killed. 

5 The Little Dauphin, Louis XVII (only eight years old), 
whose only reign was the Reign of Terror, pined for a year in 
prison, most cruelly neglected and maltreated, and then died. He 
was flrugged, and made to sign his beloved mother's death-war- 
rant, but, from the time he knew what use they made of his sig- 
nature, neither threats nor blows could make him utter another 
word. Read L. M., pp 389 to 394. 

^ Benjamin Franklin. His plain dress became the rage; the 
wigs and absurdities of the "old regime" (that ended with Louis 
XY) were ridiculed, and it w^as the mark of a philosopher to wear 
his own hair cut short, and unpowdered. 

^ Josephine's husband, the Vicomte de Beauharnais, was 
guillotined, and she herself was long in prison, but was released 
after the "Reign of Terror," and sent her son to ask for his fa- 
ther's sword. This led to an acquaintance between her and Na- 
poleon, which resulted in their marriage. 



72 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

XVII. 

Read v. 342 to 877. What is said of the Hteratnre of the 
18th century? v. 348. Learn v. 350. What sciences made 
very great progress in this century? v. 351-2-3. What acci- 
dent led to the discovery of Galvanism? v. 352. In what 
science did Benjamin Franklin make remarkable discover- 
ies? V. 352. Who first systematized Botany? v. 353. Sir 
William Herschel and his sister? v. 353 and ^ The crown- 
ing invention of the age? v. 354. For what are we indebted 
to Edward Jenner? v. 355 and ^ . To John Howard? v. 
356. Who was Swift? His chief work? p. 437. Pope's chief 
works? p. 437. Hume's chief work? p. 437-8, Learn 
Goldsmith, p. 438. Gibbon's chief work ? p. 438. Name 
three famous artists and three famous musicians of the 18th 
century, p. 438-9. Learn Canova, p. 439 and ^. What was 
the Government of France after the Directory, and who was 
its head? v. 863, Why did Napoleon propose to invade 
Egypt? p. 444. Result to Napoleon of the "Battle of the 
Pyramids?" p. 445. Who defeated Napoleon at Acre, 
and what did he say of the one who defeated him? p. 445 
and ^ What three defeats did Napoleon or his forces 

1 While Sir William was making his observations with his 
"Monster Telescope," his sister Caroline patiently worked out 
long and complicated calculations. Her contributions to as- 
tronomy are very valuable. 

- He gave to the world the discovery of vaccination. Such 
was his faith in his discovery, that several of his experiments 
were made upon his own little son. For j^ears his work was 
opposed and condemned, but at last his discovery was hailed as 
an incalculable benefit to mankind. 

^ Canova was, next to Thorwaldsen, the finest of modern 
sculptors. He was invited by Napoleon to Paris, and made 
models for statues of several of the Bonaparte family. One of 
his famous statues of Venus, is Napoleon's sister Pauline (Princess 
Borghese) reclining on a couch. 

* Napoleon said of Sir Sidney Smith, "That man made me 
miss my destiny." "Before that defeat he had hoped to make 
himself master of Asia, as Alexander the Great had done. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 73 

sufiPer through Lord Nelson? p. 445 and p. 448, v. 370 
and V. 376 and K 

^ In commemoration of Nelson's victory off Cape Trafalgar, 
a monument surmounted by his statue, was erected to him in Lon- 
don, in Trafalgar Square. For his victory at the "Battle of the 
Nile," he was given the title of "Baron Nelson of the Nile," and 
a large annuity. 

XVIII. 

Read v. 371 to 398. Where was England supreme ? 
"What did Napoleon unite against her? how foiled? v. 370. 
Learn v. 373. How was Napoleon's plan of invading Eng- 
land baffled? v. 374-6. Whom did Napoleon place on the 
throne of Holland? This King's wife and child, v. 378 and 
note, also ^ To whom was the throne of Westphalia 
given? his previous history? v. 381 and -. To whom the 
Spanish throne? v. 382. Whom did Napoleon's general 
Murat marry, and what kingdom was given him? v. 382 
and 2. Learn v. 385-7. What is said of the retreat from 
Moscow? V. 388 and *. Who was defeating Napoleon's 
forces in Spain? v. 389. Result of the battle of Leipzig? 
V. 389. What was Napoleon forced to accept when deposed 
by the Senate? v. 390. Learn v. 391-2. Napoleon's 
several titles ?5 His one child, v. 384 and note on p. 468. 

^ Napoleon's brother Louis married Hortense de Beauhar- 
nais, the daughter of Josephine. 

^ Jerome had married in America, a Miss Patterson, a Balti- 
more belle, and their descendants still live in that city. At Na- 
poleon's command he procured a divorce and married Princess 
Catherine of Wurtemberg. Although Jerome's American 
marriage was never recognized by the Bonaparte family, and his 
wife never allowed to land in France, yet their son, Jerome, 
several times visited Paris by invitation of Napoleon III., by 
whom he was well received. 

^ Murat married Napoleon's sister Carohne. 

* Of the 500,000 that went to Moscow, only about 50,000 lived 
to return. 

^ Little Corporal, Little Corsican, First Consul, Emperor of 
France, King of Italy, Sovereign of Elba, Exile of St. Helena. 



74 AIDS TO HISTORY. 

XIX. 

Where is Waterloo? Result of the battle there? date? 
three chief leaders? v. 393-4-5-6. Napoleon's downfall 
and last days? v. 395-6. His most famous victories?^ 
Read v. 398 to 426. Who was king of England during the 
French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars? His con- 
dition towards the end of his life? Character of George IV. 
V. 398. Learn '^. What do you understand by "Catholic 
Emancipation?" Whose influence greatly aided in the 
passage of the bill? v. 400-401. Who succeeded George IV.? 
V. 402. Ooe of the most important events in the reign of 
WiUiam IV. ? v. 406. Learn v. 407. What were the Corn 
Laws? Chief of the Anti-Corn Law League? V. 408. Cause 
and result of the Crimean War? In whose reign? What two 
nations assisted Turkey in this War? v. 411 and ^ 



^ Bridge of Lodi, Battle of the Pyramids, Marengo (v. 369), 
Austeiiitz (v. 375), Jena (v. 379). 

2 After Grreece was made a Eoman Province, 146 B.C. (see 
v. 66, p. 154) , it was devastated by the Mithridatic War, by the 
pirates, by the Civil Wars of the Koman Republic, by hordes of 
Gauls, and by the Crusaders; was taken and cruelly oppressed 
by the Turks, taken from them by the Venetians, then retaken 
by the Turks. During the reign of George IV. this afflicted 
country struggled for years to tlirow off the Turkish yoke, and 
at last England, France and Russia came to her aid, and her in- 
dependence was achieved, and the crown conferred upon Prince 
Otho of Bavaria. It was during this contest that Lord Byron, 
who had alwaj^s been interested in Greece, went there, and, both 
by his influence, and by giving largely of his means, aided them 
in their struggle for independance. It was also during tliis 
struggle that Marco Bozzaris fell in the arms of victory, leaving 
a name ever since classed with that of Leonidas, 

"One of the few, the immortal names 
That were not born to die." 

^ The battle of Balaklava occurred during this war. It is 
chiefly memorable for the brilliant but useless "Charge of the 
Light Brigade." (Read Tennyson's poem). It was also during 
this war that the gifted and accomplished Florence Nightingale, 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 75 

Where is Sebastopol? Who was Louis XVII.? his fate? 
Note, p. 463, and note 5, ppr. XVI. Difference in character 
between Louis XVIII. and Charles X.? v. 414-415. Who 
reigned after the revoUition that drove Charles X. from the 
throne? v. 416. Learn v. 417. Who was Louis Napoleon? 
who his mother? to what position did he attain? v. 419- 
425. Motto of the Working Classes in the Eevolution of 
1848? V. 420. What became of Louis Phillippe? v. 420. 
Who is called the "Prisoner of Ham," and why? v. 419. 
Who was President of the second French Republic, and 
by what plan did he make himself master of France? v. 
422-3. Learn v. 425. 



so famous for her noble self-sacrifice, devoted herself, with her 
band of trained nurses, to the care of the sick and wounded 
soldiers, by whom she was regarded as a ministering angel. 



XX. 

Read v. 426 to 456. Last of Napoleon Ill's wars? his 
real reason for entering upon it? v. 429. Learn v. 430. 
Condition of France under the Second Empire? v. 431. 
Who was Napoleon II? Note, p. 468. Who was II Re 
Galantuomo? v. 434-5. Who were the three most instru- 
mental in making Italy free and united, with Rome as her 
capital? V. 436-8-9-440. The withdrawal of what troops 
enabled Victor Emanuel to enter Rome? v. 434-440. Give 
the circumstances attending the beginning and end of the 
temporal power of the Popes? p. 248, v. 98, and p. 473, v. 
440 and ^ . What causes led to the weakening and separa- 

^ With the entrance of Victor Emanuel into Rome, ended the 
temporal power of the Popes. The Pope is permitted to enjoy 
the rank of a Sovereign, and to occupy the palace and Basilica of 
the Vatican, and to receive yearly from the Italian treasury over 
half a million dollars. He vainly protested against Victor Eman- 
uel's assuming the title of King of Italy, and resisted with 



76 AIDS TO HISTOKY. 

tion of Germany and Austria? the final step? p. 368, v. 
173-4; p. 451, v. 377, and p. 474, v. 441. What pre- 
vented the restoration of the German Empire, after Napo- 
leon's fall? V. 442. What was the effect upon Germany of 
the French Kevolution of 1848? v. 443-4-5-6. What is 
said of the Hungarians and Kossuth? v. 448. What hin- 
dered the unification of Germany? v. 450. What was the 
great question in German politics? v. 450-455. To what 
high position did King William I. of Prussia afterwards 
attain? v. 452 and 465. Who was his famous prime min- 
ister? V. 452. What was Bismarck's desire? v. 452-4. 



all his power his entrance into Kome. His Holiness refuses to 
accept the revenue assigned to him, and is supported by gifts 
collected among his adherents in all countries. 

XXI. 

Kead v. 456 to the end of the book. Eesult of the Aus- 
tro-Prussian or Six Weeks War? v. 456-7-8 and v. 468. 
What was the desire of the National Liberal party in Ger- 
many? V. 458-9. What war caused the union of the 
Northern and Southern German States ? What caused this 
war, and what great Empire was the result of it? Its first 
Emperor? v. 458 to 468. How was Napoleon HI. dis- 
appointed in the war he declared against Prussia? v. 461. 
Learn v. 462-4-5. Where is Versailles? Note 8, ppr. X. 
Result to Napoleon HI. of his war against Prussia? p. 
481. Result to Paris? p. 481-482. Learn v. 468. How 
many states form the German Empire? v. 467. How is 
the first (and present, 1886) German Emperor related to 
England's Queen (Victoria)? i His most famous minister 



^ His eldest son, the Crown Prince, married Victoria's eldest 
daughter, the Princess Eoyal, and they now have grand-children. 



AIDS TO HISTORY. 77 

and greatest general? v. 452-462 and 2. (The answers to 
the remaining questions are found on pp. 483-4-5-6-7.) 
Learn notes on Sir Humphrey Davy, Liebig, Beranger, 
Guizot, Prescott, Thiers, Turner, Landseer, Dore. Who 
were Humboldt, Cuvier, Agassiz, Goethe, Kaulbach, Da- 
guerre, Leverrier? Who was the "Sage of Concord?" 

- The Franco-Prussian war lasted less than six months, and 
was a series of prodigious victories for Germany. The Emperor, 
Bismarclv and Von Moltlie, were with the army from the begin- 
ning to the end of the contest. 



t 



\ 



